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The Spanish
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A Spaniard(Spaniards)
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Swedish
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Swedish
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The Swedes
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A Swede(Swedes)
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Turkish
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Turkish
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The Turks
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A Turk(Turks)
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固有形容词多半是从国名转化而来的,如 Chinese 是从 China 变来的,但有些只取国名的一部分,如 American 则只采用 The United States of America 国名的最后一字,至于 Dutch 则并不是从 Holland 一名而来,也不是从 the Netherlands 而来,而是从 Dutsch, Deutsch(意为德国的,因 Germany 即德国,德文为 Deutschland)变来的。
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如果是指某一国的国语,原则上不要加冠词,如华语为 Chinese;马来话为 Malay,惟说某个特殊的字或著作时,仍可加 the,如:“ Hund” is the German for “dog”.(德文“狗”叫“ Hund”。)This is translated from the German.(这是从德文直译的。)美国与英国虽为同文国家,照讲美国人也是说的 English,不过他们要有独立的美语,所以说是 American English 并不满意,而要说 Americanism,简略为 American,如口头美语为 spoken American.
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用来指国民的时候就比较复杂了:
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(1)the+固有形容词(作复数用)=全体国民:
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The Chinese are an industrious people.(中国人是勤勉的国民。)
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The English are a mercantile people.(英国人是商业的国民。)
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The Swiss have their mountains,the French their Paris,the English their home.(瑞士人有山,法国人有巴黎,英国人有家。)
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The Americans are very social.(美国人好交际。)
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(2)个体的国民,有单复同形的,也有单复异形的,如:
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He is a Chinese.—— They are Chinese.
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He is a Frenchman.—— They are Frenchmen.
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We hated all the French people we met there.—— Jespersen(我们在那儿所遇到的那些法国人,都很讨厌。)
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There were staying in the hotel two Japanese,three Portuguese,four Italians,five Poles,six Danes.(那旅馆中住得有两个日本人,三个葡萄牙人,四个意大利人,五个波兰人,六个丹麦人。)
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(3)普通说国籍时,常把冠词略去:
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I am Chinese.(我是中国的国民。)
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