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1704790796 在世界书局出版的《四用英汉辞典》上,对 would 一字的用法所举的例句中,有句云: Even if I know, I would not tell.在那条件句中的动词,为何不用 Subjunctive Past 的 knew?既用了 Indicative Present 的 know,为何在主句中又用 would 而不用 will?
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1704790798 【解答】辞典上的这个例句,虽与“时的一致”不合,但也并不为错误。在普通条件句中时态前后呼应的规则,略如下表:
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1704790800 Antecedent(前) Consequent(后)
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1704790802 (a) Indicative Present or Past… Ordinary Form
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1704790804 (b)Subjunctive Future…… Ordinary Form
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1704790806 Subjunctive Future…… Ordinary Form or
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1704790808 Simple Conditional Form
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1704790810 (c)Subjunctive Past……… Simple Condition Form
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1704790812 Subjunctive Past Perfect… Compound Conditional Form
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1704790814 条件句为什么要分(a),(b),(c)三种句型呢?因为如果那条件是表示真实的(true)事,则动词必须用 Indicative Mood,例如: Even if he is poor,he is honest.(= It is true that he is poor,but he is honest.)又如 If he was severe,he was just.(= Though he was severe,yet he was just.)这是属于(a)型的用法。
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1704790816 如果那条件是表示可疑的(doubtful)事,则动词就要用 Subjunctive Present or Future,例如: If he be guilty,(or If he should prove guilty,)he ought to be punished. If I should fail, I would try again.这是属于(b)型的用法。
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1704790818 如果那条件是表示虚伪的(false)事,则动词就要用 Subjunctive Past or Past Perfect,例如: If he were guilty,he would not speak so boldly.又如 If he had been guilty,he would not have spoken so boldly.这是属于(c)型的用法。
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1704790820 普通用 even if (=though 或 although)的句中,前后都是用现在时态,如:
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1704790822 I’ll do it,even if it takes me all the afternoon.(即令要花上整个的下午,我还是照做。)
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1704790824 I’ll lend you the money,even if I have borrowed it myself.(那笔钱我一定借给你,即令我自己也要向人家去借来。)
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1704790826 Even if my watch is right,we shall be too late.(即令我的表不错,我们也赶不上。)
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1704790828 上举三例都是用的现在时,不过这种条件句用过去时也是很普遍的,例如:
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1704790830 I would not do it,if I were in his place.(如果我是他的话,我就不会那样做的。)
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1704790832 Even if I were rich I would work.(纵使我富有,我也要做事。)
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1704790834 以上所说的种种,都是一些基本规则,但文法是可以活用的,时常有变则发生,如质问中的例句就是一个变则,因此前后不能获得“时的一致”。据英文学者 Sweet 说,这种过去时与现在时连用,可称为 a Compulsive mood,是条件句的一种 pure mood,而英文辞典名编纂者 Fowler 说得更为明白:他说在普通的情形下,当然前后都用过去时,但如欲表示生动,条件句中就用现在时,例如:
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1704790836 I should not wonder if he came.(normal)
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1704790838 I should not wonder if he comes.(vivid)
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1704790840 如大家知道的,would 是 will 的过去,但有时也可用于现在,以表示客气,尤其是在请求句中说得客气些(in polite requests)不用 will you 而用 would you,当然是由于 uncertainty 而来的说法。我们不常说 Will you come here for a minute?而常说 Would you come here for a minute?是因为说 would 的可靠性比说 will 的要少,故显得客气,如果说成你非来不可的口气,那就成了命令,而不是请求了。在 Even if I know, I would not tell.(即令我知道,我也不一定要说。)一句中,用 would 比用 will 要来得弱,只表示纯然的假设罢了。如果说成 Even if I know (或 knew), I will not tell.(我就知道,我也不说。)就表示坚定的意志,来得更为现实而没有缓和的余地了。
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