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英文疑难详解 80.假设语气的用法
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The Week Magazine 刊载 Doroth van Doren 的一篇文章中有句云: St. Francis of Assist,hoeing his garden,when asked what he would do if he were suddenly to learn that he was to die at sunset that day. He sad,“ I would finish hoeing my garden.”请问同在一句假设语气的文句中,为何前用 he were,后又用 he was 呢?又假设语气的文句,普通分前后句,其中动词时态的呼应,是否有一定的规矩?
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【解答】句中代表假设语气( Subjunctive mood)的只有 were 一字,其后附属的子句,不应再用假设的字眼,所以只可以说 that he was to die(命定要死),或 that he would die(将死),而不能再用 that he were to die,为着时态的前后呼应起见,句中既用了假设过去的 were,后文也要用过去时态的动词才行。
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假设语气的文句,普通由条件句( Protasis)及归结句( Apodosis)而构成,前后句中的动词,须前后呼应,不过这种呼应系由习惯语法所使然,并不一定过去接过去,现在接现在,未来接未来。兹就假设语气最常用的四种时态,举例说明如下:
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假设现在( Subjunctive Prensent):条件句中的动词用 be 或其他动词的现在形,第三人称单数现在也不加语尾的〔s〕;归结句接(1)直陈语气( Indicative Mood)现在或(2)未来;又可接(3)命令语气( Imperative Mood).例如:
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(1) If this be true, I am sorry for it.
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(2) Though he confess, I will not pardon him.
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(3) Whatever be our fate,let us not add guilt to our misfortunes.—— Goldsmith
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假设未来( Subjunctive Future):条件句用 should be;归结句接(1)shall(或 will 等)be,(2)should (或 would 等)be,(3)命令语气,例如:
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(1) If it should be true, I shall be very happy.
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(2) If I should fail, I would try again.
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(3) If he should come,please give this to him.
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假设过去( Subjunctive Past):条件句用 were 或其他的过去动词;归结句接(1)should (或 would 等)be,(2)should (或 would 等)have been.例如:
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(1) If I were a bird, I would fly to you.又 If I tried, I could do it.又 If I did not obey him, I might be punished.
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(2) If we lived in those days, I should have been a knight.—— Meredith
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假设过去完成( Subjunctive Past Perfect):条件句用 had been,归结句接(1)should (或 would 等)have been,(2)should (或 would 等)be.例如:
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(1) If he had been young,he would have gone.又 If I had drunk it, I should have died.又 If I had not obeyed him, I might have been punished.
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(2) If he had worked hard in his youth,he would be a rich man now.(cf. If he had worked hard in his youth,he would have made a fortune.)
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英文疑难详解 81.假设语气的时态和实际时间的比较
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假设语气也分现在、过去、未来种种时态,但和我们实际时间上的现在、过去、未来并不一致,常使初学者感到混乱。请就假设语气的时态与实际的时间作一比较,详细加以说明。
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【解答】英文动词时态的现在、过去、未来的用法,和实际的时间是大致相符合的,但英文中有一种特别的时态是中文所没有的,那就是完成时态( Perfect Tense)。完成时态中又分现在、过去、未来三种,现在完成时态是表示从过去到现在为止的一段时期;过去完成时态则是表示过去的过去,如讲故事的人都是用过去时态来讲述当时发生的事情的,如果说到那以前发生的事情就须用过去完成时态。至于未来完成时态,则是用于说到了未来某个时候就可以完成的事。
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英文的假设语气,原有两大作用:一为用来表达不确实的事情( Uncertainty),乃至怀疑的事情( Doubt),另一为用来表达想像的事情( Supposition)。
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