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英文疑难详解 Ⅷ.连词
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114.because,for,since,as
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英文连词 since,as,for,because,now that 等都可作“因为”解,但不知用法上有何不同?
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【解答】这些都是表原因(cause)或理由(reason)的连词。在用法上各有不同,除 for 为对等连词外,其余都是不对等连词。在分量上,because 最重,其次是 since,再次是 as,至于 for 呢,则并不成其为原因,至多只是一种理由而已。在对话时用强硬的字眼,等于强硬的态度,是不客气的,所以用柔弱的字显得有礼貌些,与其说 I will come because you request it.不如说 As you request it I will come.
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用 because 时应注意是否真正的原因,此字表示产生那种结果的必然有的因果关系。例如说,“天亮了,因为鸟在叫。”译成 The day breaks because the birds are singing.就错了,因为鸟叫不是天亮的原因,要日出才能破晓,所以只能说, The day breaks because the sun is rising.鸟叫不过是天亮的结果,鸟之所以叫,其理由是天亮了,这种倒果为因的说法,英文只能用 for,即是我们可以说 The day breaks for the birds are singing.决不可用 because 来译。
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又 because 指的是道德的或自然的原因(moral or physical cause),而 for 则指的是逻辑上的理由(logical reason),请看下举两例:
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The river has risen,because it has rained much of late.(河水涨了,因为近来下了许多的雨。)(原因)
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It must have rained much of late,for the river is so high.(近来一定下了许多的雨,因为河水涨得这样高。)(理由)
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据 Palmer 说,for 一字在会话体(conversational style)中是不用的,例如 They ate their food uncooked,for the use of fire was unknown.(他们茹毛饮血,因为那时还不知道用火。)这句话如果改为对话时,则变成:
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“ Why did they eat their food uncooked?”
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“ Because the use of fire was unknown.”
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这句答案如果用 for 就是错误的。在回答 why 的问题时,一定要用 because,不可用 for。又附属子句有必要说明原因时,也是要用 because 的,例如:
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He is disappointed because he did not get the position.(他感到失望,因为他没有得到那个位置。)
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He will succeed because he is capable as well as confident.(他是要成功的,因为他又有能力又可信赖。)
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如上面已说明过的,for 表理由,because 表原因,所以用 for 时是说明前面所讲的话,造句的方式常要把结果先说出来,例如:
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It is going to rain,for the barometer is falling.(天要下雨了,因为晴雨计正在下降。)
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I’m not able to begin the work at once,for I am about to start on a journey.(我不能够马上开始工作,因为我就要出发去旅行了。)
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再比较下面二例:
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He is beloved of all because he is honest.(他因诚实,为大家所喜欢。)(原因)
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He must be honest,for he is beloved of all.(他一定是很诚实,因为大家都喜欢他。)(理由)
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至于 since 通常是放在句首,对既知的事实表示一种理由,如:
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Since you say so, I suppose it is true.(你既然这样说,我想这是真的。)
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Since you are going, I will accompany you.(你既然要去,我就陪你去吧。)
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