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(1) After having walked an hour,we arrived at the place.
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(2) After an hour’s walk,we arrived at the place.
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(3) After we had walked an hour,we arrived at the place.
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上举(1)、(2)句中的 after 为介词,(3)句中的 after 为连词。
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现在我们可以再进一步地来检讨一下另外两个相关的问题:
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While staying in London, I made the acquaintance of Mr. Thomas.(当我在伦敦时结识了托马斯先生。)
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上例中的 while 是连词,staying 为现在分词。这是一种所谓省略的构造( Elliptical Construction),在 staying 的前面省略了 I was(主语和述语)二字,实际仍然是一个完整的子句,所以 while 是连词。他例如:
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When going to school,he had his watch stolen.(当他去上学时,表被偷走。)
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上例中的 when 有人把它当作连词看待,实际是关系副词,具有连接两个子句的作用,在 going 前省略了 he was 二字,所以 going 是现在分词,不是动名词。
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学者必须注意这个附句中的“-ing-form”,到底是动名词呢还是现在分词,能够辨别这个,才能决定它前面的字是连词还是介词。这是第一个有关的问题。
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其次是“介词+动名词”以代替分词构造(“ Prep.+ Gerund” instead of Participle Construction)。这种除极少数的情形外(如上举的 Before leaving the place…等例),大都是可以把介词略去,让动名词变成现在分词的:
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By holding on to the rope firmly, I came safe to land.(= Holding on to the rope firmly,etc.)(紧握住那根绳子,我安全到达陆地。)
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In going down town, I met an old friend.(= Going down town,etc.)(到市中心商业区去时,我遇到一个老朋友。)
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After having finished my work, I went to bed.(= Having finished my work,etc.)(做完事,我就去睡了。)
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英文疑难详解 119.doubt 后的连词用 whether 或是 that
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在 doubt 后面接上子句( Clause)时,连词有时用 whether,有时用 that,不知有无规定?在动词或名词的 doubt 外,还有形容词的 doubtful.后接子句时,是否都可用 whether 作连词?
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【解答】基本原则是肯定句用 whether,if,when,what 等作连词,否定句或疑问句就用 that,but,but that 作连词,二者不可混乱。动词、名词、形容词,都是一样,例如:
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1.“我怀疑此事是否真确。”
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{ I doubt | It is doubtful | There is a doubt } whether it is true.
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2.“此事真确无疑。”
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{ I don’t doubt | I have no doubt | There is no doubt } that it is true.
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3.“谁会怀疑此事是否真确?”
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Who doubts that it is true?
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