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[14]〔英〕丹尼斯•麦奎尔、〔瑞典〕斯文•温德尔：《大众传播模式论》（第2版），祝建华译，上海：上海译文出版社2008年版，第13页。
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[15]Harold D. Lasswell, Propaganda Technique in World War I, Cambridge, Mass.: M．I.T. Press, 1971, p．xv.
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[16]Harold D. Lasswell, “The Strategy of Revolutionary and War Propaganda，” in Quincy Wright, ed., Public Opinion and World Politics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1933, pp.187—221.
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[17]Bruce Lannes Smith, “The Mystifying Intellectual History of Harold D. Lasswell，” in Arnold A. Rogow, ed., Politics, Personality, and Social Science in the Twentieth Century, Essays in Honor of Harold D. Lasswell, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969, pp.70—80.
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[18]〔美〕托马斯•库恩：《科学革命的结构》，金吾伦、胡新和译，北京：北京大学出版社2003年版，第32—39页。
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[19]Harold D．Lasswell, “Sino-Japanese Crisis: The Garrison State versus the Civilian State，” The China Quarterly, 11, 1937, pp.643—649.
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[20]Harold D. Lasswell, “The Garrison State，” The American Journal of Sociology, 46（4）, 1941, pp.455—468.
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[21]高海波：《美国传播学的“冷战宣言”》，《国际新闻界》2009年第2期。
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[22]Jay Stanley and David R. Segal, “Landmarks in Defense Literature，” Defense Analysis, 5（1）, 1989, pp.83—86.
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[23]Harold D. Lasswell, “The Prospects of Cooperation in a Bipolar World，” The University of Chicago Law Review, 15（4）, 1948, pp.877—901.
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[24]Bruce Lannes Smith, “The Mystifying Intellectual History of Harold D. Lasswell，” in Arnold A. Rogow, ed., Politics, Personality, and Social Science in the Twentieth Century, Essays in Honor of Harold D. Lasswell, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969, p．57.
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[25]Michael Sproule, Propaganda and Democracy, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, p．98, pp.132—133.
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[26]这个说法最早由Archibald MacLeish于1930年提出，后来被Brett Gary作为书名。见Brett Gary, The Nervous Liberals, New York: Columbia University Press, 1999, p．7。
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[27]Harold D. Lasswell, Dorothy Blumenstock, World Revolutionary Propaganda: A Chicago Study, Chicago: Knopf, 1939.
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[28]Harold D. Lasswell, Propaganda Technique in World War I, Cambridge, Mass.: M．I.T. Press, 1971, p．xii.
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[29]据拉扎斯菲尔德回忆，最早他是从一位美国推销员那里听到这个观点。当时他还在奥地利从事研究工作。参见Paul Lazarsfeld, “An Episode in the History of Social Research: A Memoir，” in Donald Fleming & Bernard Bailyn, eds., The Intellectual Migration: Europe and America, 1930—1960, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969。
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[30]Elihu Katz and Paul F. Lazarsfeld, Personal Influence: The Part Played by People in the Flow of Mass Communication, Glencoe: Free Press, 1955.
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[31]Charles R. Wright, Mass Communication: A Sociological Perspective, New York: Random House, 1986.
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[32]〔美〕罗伯特•K.默顿：《显功能与潜功能》，〔美〕罗伯特•K.默顿：《社会理论和社会结构》，唐少杰等译，南京：译林出版社2006年版，第171—177页。
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[33]〔英〕安东尼•吉登斯：《社会的构成》，李康等译，北京：生活•读书•新知三联书店1998年版，第73页。
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[34]Paul F. Lazarsfeld and Robert K. Merton, “Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action，” in Lyman Bryson, ed., The Communication of Ideas, New York: The Institute for Religious and Social Studies, 1948.
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重访灰色地带：传播研究史的书写与记忆 第二章 超越有限效果理论：哥伦比亚学派及其批评者
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