打字猴:1.70490756e+09
1704907560
1704907561 13.Congressional Record, 81th Congress, 2nd session, p. 1954 (February 20, 1950).
1704907562
1704907563 14. Jack Schwartzman: “Natural Law and the Campus,” Freeman, Vol. II (December 3, 1951), pp. 149, 152.
1704907564
1704907565 15. “Shake Well before Using,” National Review, Vol. V (June 7, 1958), p. 544.
1704907566
1704907567 16.Congressional Record, 81th Congress, 1st session, p. 11584 (August 16, 1949); 也见Dondero’s address on “Communism in Our Schools,” Congressional Record, 79th Congress, 2nd session, pp. A. 3516-18 (June 14, 1946), 以及他的演讲,“Communist Conspiracy in Art Threatens American Museums,” Congressional Record, 82th Congress, 2nd session, pp. 2423-7 (March 17, 1952).
1704907568
1704907569 17. William G. McLoughlin, Jr.: Billy Graham: Revisionist in a Secular Age (New York, 1960), pp. 89, 212, 213; on the Gallup Poll, see p. t.
1704907570
1704907571 18.Judging and Improving the Schools: Current Issues (Burlingame, California, 1960), pp. 4, 5, 7, 8; 强调为作者所加。遭到猛烈抨击的报告文件是William C. Bark et al.: Report of the San Francisco Curriculum Survey Committee (San Francisco, 1960).
1704907572
1704907573 19. Robert E. Brownlee: “A Parent Speaks Out,” Progressive Education, Vol. XVII (October, 1940), pp. 420-41.
1704907574
1704907575 20. A. H. Lauchner: “How Can the Junior High School Curriculum Be Improved?” Bulletin of the National Association of Secondary-School Principals, Vol. XXXV (March, 1951), pp. 299-301. 这场演讲发表于该协会的一次会议上,见Arthur Bester’s comments in The Restoration of Learning (New York, 1955), p. 54.
1704907576
1704907577 21. “G, E, Moore,” Encounter, Vol. XII (January, 1959), p. 68; 但是他说这话是有特定背景的,不应被过度解读。
1704907578
1704907579 22.Note towards the Definition of Culture (London, 1948), p. 23.
1704907580
1704907581 23. 比如,我觉得应该讨论一下杜威的理论蕴含的反智意味和它造成的反智结果。但如果说杜威是反智派,那就大错特错了。
1704907582
1704907583 第二章 智识不受欢迎
1704907584
1704907585 1. 我无意说这现象只存在于美国,很多地方都会存在,只要存在某个讨厌知识分子又不愿一并舍弃“才智”的社会阶级时,就会如此。例如在法国,当知识分子成为一股社会力量后,莫里斯·巴雷斯(Morris Barres)在1902年写道:“我宁可有才智,也不要成为知识分子”。Victor Brombert, The Intellectual Hero: Studies in the French Novel, 1880-1955 (Philadelphia, 1961), p. 25.
1704907586
1704907587 2. 吉布斯的状况常被认为是美国文化带来的结果。关于这种文化态度的讨论,请参见Richard H. Shryock: “American Indifference to Basic Science during the Nineteenth Century,” Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences, No. 5 (1948), pp. 50-65.
1704907588
1704907589 3. W. D. Niven, ed.: The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell (Cambridge, 1890), Vol. II, p. 742.
1704907590
1704907591 4. Julien Benda在1927年出版的La Trahison des Clercs中指控,有许多当代知识分子为了追求这种救世的政治而牺牲了知识的价值:“今天,如果我们提到莫姆森(Mommsen)、特赖奇克(Treitschke)、奥斯瓦尔德(Ostwald)、布吕内蒂埃(Brunetière)、巴雷斯、勒迈特尔(Lemaître)、贝玑(Péguy)、莫拉斯(Maurras)、丹农齐奥(d’Annunzio)、吉卜林(Kipling)等人,我们必须承认他们展现了无比的政治热情——即知即行、渴望立即的成效、专注于心中的目标,并蔑视论证。”
1704907592
1704907593 5. 其实在知识分子内部也有很多讨论,具有专业知识是否对他们反而是不利的事情。大家在问,是否作为一个专家会把知识分子降格为只是一个“心智技师”(mental technician)。例如可参见H. Stuart Hughes: “Is the Intellectual Obsolete?” in An Approach to Peace and Other Essays (New York, 1962), chapter 10. 最后一章我们还会回到此问题。
1704907594
1704907595 6. 关于民选的政客对抗专家的种种背景与社会氛围,社会学家爱德华·希尔斯有很好的观察。见Edward Shils: The Torment of Secrecy (Glencoe, Illinois, 1956).
1704907596
1704907597 7. Testimony before a subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, 79th Congress, 2nd session, May 28 and 29, 1946, pp. 11, 13.
1704907598
1704907599 8.Journals (Boston, 1909-1914), Vol. IX (July 1862), p. 436.
1704907600
1704907601 9. 关于知识分子(intellectual)这个词在法国的沿革,请参考Victor Brombert: The Intellectual Hero, chapter 2. 俄罗斯则是用intelligentsia这个词,19世纪之后开始出现,起初是用来指涉某些自由的职业,但不久就变成反抗统治政权者的代称。见Hugh Seton-Watson: “The Russian Intellectuals,” Encounter (September, 1955), pp. 43-50.
1704907602
1704907603 10.The Letters of William James (Boston, 1920), Vol. II, pp. 100-1.
1704907604
1704907605 11. 美国知识分子的这种心态与立场,可参见社会学家Seymour M. Lipset: “American Intellectuals: Their Politics and Status,” Daedalus (Summer, 1959), pp. 460-86. Lipset对此主题多有观察,但是我可能不同意他说美国知识分子的社会地位很高的看法。
1704907606
1704907607 12.Nation, Vol. 149 (August 19, 1939), p. 228.
1704907608
1704907609 13. 这种心态曾被参议员巴里·戈德华特(Barry Goldwater)露骨地表示出来,他在1959年7月说:“我绝对不接受美国已无共产党这样的说法,只要我们尽力搜寻,就可以找出来。”见James Wechsler: Reflections of an Angry Middle-Aged Editor (New York, 1960), p. 44.
[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70490756e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]