1704907960
1704907961
30. Charles Ogle: The Regal Splendor of the President’s Palace (n.p., 1840), especially p. 28.
1704907962
1704907963
31. 关于这场运动和相关引用,见Robert G. Gunderson: The Log Cabin Campaign (Lexington, 1957), especially pp. 3, 7, 101-7, 134, 162, 179-86, 201-18.
1704907964
1704907965
32.Memoirs of John A. Dix (New York, 1883), Vol. I, p. 165.
1704907966
1704907967
33. Henry T. Tuckerman: Life of John Pendleton Kennedy (New York, 1871), p. 187.
1704907968
1704907969
34. “The Action of Congress on the California and Territorial Questions,” North American Review, Vol. LXXI (July, 1850), pp. 224-64.
1704907970
1704907971
35. U. B. Phillips, ed.: The Correspondence of Robert Toombs, Alexander H. Stephens, and Howell Cobb, American Historical Association Annual Report, 1911, Vol. II, p. 188.
1704907972
1704907973
36. Leonard D. White: The Jacksonians, p. 27. 关于国会和公共机构的堕落,见pp. 25-7, 32532, 343-6, 398-9, 411-420.
1704907974
1704907975
37.An Autobiography (Boston, 1916) pp. 43-4. 当然这发生在有名的“布鲁克斯攻击萨姆纳事件”(assault on Sumner by Brooks)之后几年。就在同一年,一位国会众议员在华盛顿特区因为不满餐厅侍者的态度而持枪将他射杀。关于19世纪50年代国会的状态,参见Roy F. Nichols: The Disruption of American Democracy (New York, 1948), pp. 2-3, 68, 188-91, 273-6, 284-7, 331-2. 关于政府效率下滑,参见David Donald在就任哈佛大学哈姆斯沃思讲席教授时的演讲,“An Excess of Democracy: The American Civil War and the Social Process” (Oxford, 1960). 关于美国南方政客领导能力的衰败,参见Clement Eaton: Freedom of Thought in the Old South (Durham, 1940), and Charles S. Sydnor: The Development of Southern Sectionalism, 1819-1848 (Baton Rouge, 1948), especially chapter 12.
1704907976
1704907977
38.Writings, edited by Bergh, Vol. XI (Washington, 1904), pp. 423-4; 强调是我加的。
1704907978
1704907979
39. 关于美国公务员制度的历史,我参考了Leonard D. White宝贵的历史作品:The Federalists (New York, 1948), The Jeffersonians (New York, 1951), The Jacksonians,最后这本前面已有引用,还有The Republican Era 1869-1901 (New York, 1958). Paul P. Van Riper在其History of the United States Civil Service (Evanston, Illinois, 1958), p. 11说道:“美国立国之初,联邦政府的政治效能是世界最高的,因为它没有贪腐。”
1704907980
1704907981
40. John Adams: Works (Boston, 1854), Vol. IX, p. 87. 亚当斯对此并非全盘否定,他本人并未建议禁止反对党,以免殃及“联邦政府里某些最能干、最有影响力、品格最好的人”。
1704907982
1704907983
41. Van Riper曾说,杰斐逊总统因为任用很多私人关系,故与杰克逊一样都可算是美国恩庇制的创始者。但是如果从被任命者的能力与社会属性来看,他的政府并没有改变联邦政府公务员基本上是上层社会人士这样的本质。op. cit., p. 23.
1704907984
1704907985
42. J. D. Richardson, ed.: Messages and Papers of the Presidents (NewYork, 1897), Vol. III, pp. 1011-12. 有几位历史学者指出,杰克逊撤掉的人并不多。相反,他的政府在裁撤官员方面是出了名的理性。后来,美国深陷恩庇制,以致引发党派内讧。19世纪50年代,民主党便分成了布坎南派和皮尔斯派,后者最终出局。
1704907986
1704907987
43. 事实上,职位轮替的原则并不能完全按照杰克逊派宣称的那样实行。这一制度后来演变成了Leonard D. White所谓的“双轨制”,也就是恩庇制和终身制并行。一些官员在恩庇制下来来去去,同时有一部分核心官员则终身留在政府内。见The Jacksonians, pp. 347-62.
1704907988
1704907989
第七章 改革者的命运
1704907990
1704907991
1.The New York Times, October 24, 1868. 许多年来,巴特勒把精英阶级对他的恨当作他的政治资产。他的一位支持者在1884年说,他赢得选举是因为“所有势利小人及半吊子的人都痛恨他,哈佛也不让他读法学院”。H. C. Thomas: Return of the Democratic Party to Power in 1884 (New York, 1919), p. 139.
1704907992
1704907993
2. 巴特勒在这次选举中想要离间达纳与劳工阶级,所以他就抓住达纳戴白手套这件事抨击他。达纳只好承认他有时会戴白手套,穿着整齐的衣服,但是他向演讲的听众保证,他曾经做过两年的水手:“我以前和你们一样干过脏活。”Benjamin F. Butler: Butler’s Book (Boston, 1892), pp. 921-2.
1704907994
1704907995
3. Adams to C. M. Gaskell, October 25, 1870, in W. C. Ford, ed.: Letters of Henry Adams (Boston, 1930), p. 196.
1704907996
1704907997
4. J. R. Lowell to Godkin, December 20, 1871, in Rollo Ogden, ed.: Life and Letters of Edwin Lawrence Godkin (New York, 1907), Vol. II, p. 87; C. E. Norton to Godkin, November 3, 1871, in Ari Hoogenboom: Outlawing the Spoils (Urbana, Illinois, 1961), p. 99.
1704907998
1704907999
5. George Haven Putnam: Memories of a Publisher (New York, 1915), p. 112.
1704908000
1704908001
6. 我对于这些改革者的概述是根据一份哥伦比亚大学的硕士论文对一百九十一名绅士的职业生涯的研究,James Stuart McLachlan: The Genteel Reformers: 1865-1884 (1958). 他的结论与Ari Hoogenboom对于下面这份对公务员制度改革者的研究相似,参见“An Analysis of Civil Service Reformers,” The Historian, Vol. XXIII (November, 1960), pp. 54-78. 而Van Riper则强调这些改革者重视个人自由与政治道德。op. cit., pp. 78-86.
1704908002
1704908003
7.The Education of Henry Adams (New York: Modem Library edition; 1931), p. 265.
1704908004
1704908005
8. Charles Francis Adams: An Autobiography (Boston, 1916), p. 190.
1704908006
1704908007
9. E. L. Godkin: “The Main Question,” Nation, Vol. IX (October 14, 1869), p. 308.
1704908008
1704908009
10. Adams: Education, pp. 261, 296, 320. Cf. James Bryce: “Why the Best Men Do Not Go into Politics,” The American Commonwealth (New York, 1897), Vol. II, chapter 57.
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.70490796e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]