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6. 我对于这些改革者的概述是根据一份哥伦比亚大学的硕士论文对一百九十一名绅士的职业生涯的研究，James Stuart McLachlan: The Genteel Reformers: 1865-1884 (1958). 他的结论与Ari Hoogenboom对于下面这份对公务员制度改革者的研究相似，参见“An Analysis of Civil Service Reformers,” The Historian, Vol. XXIII (November, 1960), pp. 54-78. 而Van Riper则强调这些改革者重视个人自由与政治道德。op. cit., pp. 78-86.
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7.The Education of Henry Adams (New York: Modem Library edition; 1931), p. 265.
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8. Charles Francis Adams: An Autobiography (Boston, 1916), p. 190.
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9. E. L. Godkin: “The Main Question,” Nation, Vol. IX (October 14, 1869), p. 308.
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10. Adams: Education, pp. 261, 296, 320. Cf. James Bryce: “Why the Best Men Do Not Go into Politics,” The American Commonwealth (New York, 1897), Vol. II, chapter 57.
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11.Autobiography, pp. 15-16.
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12. 见“The Government of our Great Cities,” Nation, Vol. III (October 18, 1866), pp. 312-13; North American Review, Vol. CIII (October, 1866), pp. 413-65; Arthur F. Beringause: Brooks Adams (New York, 1955), pp. 60, 67; Barbara M. Solomon: Ancestors and Immigrants (Cambridge, Mass., 1956). 关于改革者的观点，见Geoffrey T. Blodgett的叙述“The Mind of the Boston Mugwump,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Vol. XLVIII (March, 1962), pp. 614-34.
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13. Adams to Gaskell, quoted in Ernest Samuels: The Young Henry Adams (Cambridge, Mass., 1948), p. 182. 请对比Putnam的观点：“我们希望，年轻人在大学这片知识的土地上，经过像耶鲁的威廉·格雷厄姆·萨姆纳（William Graham Sumner）这样的教授教导之后，一年又一年地走出大学，会渐渐形成一股更为庞大的公共舆论力量，借助领袖的影响让大众选民理解他们自己的事业利益何在。”Putnam: op. cit., pp. 42-3.
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14. Quoted in Eric Goldman: Rendezvous with Destiny (New York, 1952), p. 24. 一位公务员改革的支持者指出，在“合众国早期”，上至内阁官员下至政府小职员，所有的公务员“基本都是从著名家庭中遴选出来的”，并认为公务员改革会重新恢复这一传统。Julius Bing: “Civil Service of the United States,” North American Review, Vol. CV (October, 1867), pp. 480-1.
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15. “The Place of the Independent in Politics,” Writings, Vol. VI (Cambridge, Mass., 1890), p. 190.
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16. 关于独立自主的策略，见James Russell Lowell: “The Place of the Independent in Politics,” pp. 190 ff.; and E. McClung Fleming: R. R. Bowker, Militant Liberal (New York, 1952), pp. 103-8.
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17. 关于这场改革的核心，见Paul P. Van Riper: op. cit., pp. 83-4.
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18. See J. Donald Kingsley: Representative Bureaucracy: An Interpretation of the British Civil Service (Yellow Springs, Ohio, 1944), pp. 68-71 and passim.
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19. Sir Charles Trevelyan to Dorman B. Eaton, August 20, 1877, in Donnan B. Eaton: Civil Service in Great Britain: A History of Abuses and Reforms and Their Bearing upon American Politics (New York, 1880), pp. 430-2.
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20. 无疑，很多改革者希望能得到林肯对于文人的那种重视与任用，但是林肯都是以高于公务员或是体制外的职位任用他们。改革者一般而言都想得到经由选举得来的职位，而不是政治任命的行政职位。著名的改革者有一半曾经有政治职位，但多半是经由选举。只有少数进入了国会，大部分进了州议会。McLachlan: op. cit., p. 25.
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21. 参考亨利·亚当斯在1869年4月29日写给小查尔斯·亚当斯的信：“我无法帮你谋得职位。在政府里我只有点头之交，没有真正的朋友。我不幻想我的请求能得到太多的同情。戴维·韦尔斯的影响力跟我差不多，他也无暇他顾，无法保住霍尔。”Letters, p. 157.
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22. 有一些人认为社会地位会影响职位的争取。舒尔茨曾说：“可能有人会询问应征者的品德、经历、社会地位或是一般性的能力，而不是透过考试来决定人选。”Hoogenboom: op. cit., p. 115.
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23.Congressional Globe, 40th Congress, 3rd session, p. 265 (January 8, 1869). 这让人想到，竞争激烈的公务员体制在美国常常被批评不民主，在英国却时不时被批评过于民主，而且人们在竞争职位的时候还抛出贵族制当辩解理由。Kingsley: op. cit., p. 62. And Asa Briggs: Victorian People (London, 1954), pp. 116-21, 170-1.
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24.Congressional Globe, 42nd Congress, 2nd session, p. 1103 (February 17, 1872). 这种和大学出身的人之间的竞争也困扰着退伍军人组织。见Wallace E. Davies: Patriotism on Parade (Cambridge, Mass., 1955), pp. 247, 285-6, 311.
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25.Congressional Globe, 42nd Congress, 2nd session, p. 458 (January18, 1872). 当然很多政治角头与国会议员一样，会对于考试选才这种制度感觉头痛。波士顿一位反对马萨诸塞州公务员法的人士帕特里克·麦圭尔（Patrick Macguire）说：“我猜以后年轻人如果要在州政府中有个职位，他必须先读哈佛。他还得以优异的成绩和荣誉毕业，这样才能前途无量，而那些没法受那么好教育的年轻人只好到其他地方找工作去了。”见Lucius B. Swift: Civil Service Reform (n.p., 1885), p. 10.
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26.Congressional Globe, 42nd Congress, 3rd session, p. 1631 (February 22, 1873).
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27. E. L. Godkin: “The Civil Service Reform Controversy,” North American Review, Vol. CXXXIV (April, 1882), pp. 382-3.
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28. William M. Dickson: “The New Political Machine,” North American Review, Vol. CXXXIV (January 1, 1882), p. 42.
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29. Andrew D. White: “Do the Spoils Belong to the Victor?” North American Review, Vol. CXXXIV (February, 1882), p. 129-30.
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30. Godkin: “The Civil Service Reform Controversy,” p. 393.
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