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She took counsel with her lawyer. 她和她的律师商议。
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有时指“辩护律师”:
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A counsel is a lawyer who helps people in a court of law. counsel也可指在法庭上帮助人的律师。
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作动词时它表示“给……出主意”、“劝告”:
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He counselled her daughter on how to behave at the ball. 他给女儿出主意在舞会上应当怎样做。
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The teacher counselled the boy to study harder. 老师劝告这个男孩儿更用功一些。
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counsellor,美作counselor,表示“咨询人(员)”:
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She was a marriage guidance counsellor. 她是一位婚姻指导咨询人。
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Each student has a counselor to guide him in his choices of classes. 每个学生都有一位咨询员,指导他如何选课。
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在美国它也可指“律师”:
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The counselor for the defence asked that the case be dismissed. 辩护律师要求法庭休庭。
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280 Countable Nouns and Uncountable Nouns
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可数名词和不可数名词的区分在英语中是一个重要问题,因为它牵涉到名词的单复数形式和是否要加冠词及加哪个冠词。这对中国学生尤其困难,因为许多我们看来似乎可数的名词在英语中却是不可数的,例如:
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一条消息 不能直译,而需说a piece (an item) of news
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一件家具 需说a piece of furniture
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一张纸 需说a sheet (piece) of paper
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一件衣服 需说an article of clothing
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一片面包 需说a slice of bread
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一根草 需说a blade of grass
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一件行李 需说a piece of luggage
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一件工作 需说a piece of work
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因此在学英语时,不能凭汉语概念去推,而要一个词一个词去研究,看哪个名词是可数的,哪个名词是不可数的。另外,许多英语名词有不同意思,用于一个意思时是不可数的,用在另一个意思时却是可数的,现举例说明如下:
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作可数名词 作不可数名词 Is there a church in your town? What time does church begin? 你们城里有教堂吗? 礼拜什么时候开始? She teaches in a high school. No school today! 她在一所中学教书。 今天不上课! It’s a teachers’ college. Are you at college? 这是一所师范学院。 你在上大学吗? I’ll get you a glass of water. Glass breaks easily. 我去给你倒杯水来。 玻璃很容易破碎。 He went out to buy a paper. I need some typing paper. 他出去买一张报纸。 我需要一些打字纸。 Did you have a good time? I just have no time for it. 你玩得好吗? 我就是没有时间做这事。 Here is a difficulty for us to get over. We had no difficulty in finding the place. 这儿有一个困难要我们克服。 我们找到这地方没有困难。 It is a hard work to understand. I can’t find work in this town. 这是一本难懂的作品。 在这座城市我找不到工作。 有不少抽象名词通常是不可数的,但有时表示具体的东西则成为可数名词:
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抽象名词(通常不可数) 指具体东西时成为可数名词 He had no real sense for beauty. Your daughter is quite a beauty. 他没有真正的美感。 你的女儿是个大美人。 These thoughts gave him great pleasure. It is a great pleasure to work with you. 这些想法使他很高兴。 和你在一起工作是很愉快的事。 I wish you joy. My children are a great joy for me. 祝你快乐。 我的孩子是我最大乐趣。 Thank you for your kindness. A forced kindness deserves no thanks. 谢谢你的好心。 勉强的善行不值得感谢。(谚语) 有些抽象名词可转为可数名词,表示一类:
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抽象名词(不可数) 表示一类(可数) Art lies in concealing art. Translation is an art. 艺术妙在隐藏艺术。(谚语) 翻译是一种艺术。 Chinese culture is widely known in Europe. Ancient Egypt had an advanced culture. 中国文化在欧洲广为著名。 古埃及有先进的文化。 Is war necessary? It’s not a popular war. 战争是必要的吗? 这是一场不得人心的战争。 He thanked her with genuine affection. He had a warm affection for his mother. 他怀着真情感谢了她。 他对母亲有一种温馨的感情。 反过来,有些个体名词可以抽象化,用作不可数名词:
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