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● specification：（特别标明的）品性。channels：流水最深之处（the deeper part of a waterway）。该句似应作“河水很清，流得很快，水流很深处，则呈蓝色。”这样一解释，水的流动显得更跃然如在目前了。
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● We are convinced被动语态，接下面by the fact：由于这件事实，我们才深信……。灰尘这么多，使我们不得不深信军队真在那屋子旁边开过。小说（fiction）本是虚构想象之作，唯善写小说者，能使读者把虚构的事情信以为真耳。
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The phrase, “the leaves fell early that year,” is an admirable preparation for the climax of the action; that is to say, “My love died young.” The whole Resolution is, in fact, both prepared for and symbolized in this passage: “we saw troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves.” A human heart, ravaged by grief, will ultimately become as bare and as quiet as the white road that the soldiers have passed over.
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● 本段牵涉到象征主义（symbolism）的问题。早落的树叶就是象征他的爱人之早夭——作者轻轻淡淡地提了the leaves fell early这几个字，想不到其用意有如此之深。乍一看好像是无关紧要的描写风景，而不知作者笔力于一开头即已贯穿全书，其才华其功力实令人钦佩。象征（symbols）的运作，要贴切，要含蓄。如此处改说：“我看见了早落的树叶，就想起我那早夭的爱人。”即显浅薄低俗。如曰：“我的爱人呀，你的命就像那早落的树叶！”，则使读者浑身起鸡皮疙瘩矣。
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● climax：高潮。preparation：准备工作，伏笔。开头提了一下树叶的早落，即为后文“全书故事动作的高潮”（其爱人之死）做一伏笔，而且是很好的伏笔，令人击节称赏（admirable）。
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● Resolution：解决。此为研究小说技巧之专门术语，故用大写字母开始。一篇小说的结构，普通都可分作两部，前面是Complication，后面是Resolution（错综与解决；或系铃与解铃）。A Farewell to Arms中，那位救伤队中尉同英国护士认识，是“错综”的开始；他爱人因难产丧生，是小说的“解决”。戈登女士说，全书第一段的末句已替后文的解决全部做了伏笔，而且这一句话就象征了故事的凄凉的结局。
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● 原来那条“白白漫漫，空无一物”的路，就象征书中主人公痛苦的心。（ravaged：摧残）。大军过处，烟尘滚滚，军队走完，路上空空荡荡仅余落叶而已；今书中主人公百劫归来，忧患余生，心中除痛苦的回忆以外，万念全消，就像大军走过后的那条公路。这种“隐痛”，最应含蓄说穿不得，说穿了文章品格就低，就有伤感主义（sentimentalism）之嫌了。今海明威此句，粗看之似与感情无关，只是风景描写，然实际上则包含无限隐痛。所以戈登女士说，A Farewell to Arms的“调子”，于第一段即贯穿全书，而海明威于写作时所用的苦心，亦可想而知了。
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现代英文选评注 Kant the Man康德的日常生活
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W. Somerset Maugham (1874—1965)
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毛姆的散文，清楚易读，最宜初学模仿。下面所选几段，很少费解之处，实在用不到什么注解。据毛姆在他的《写作生活回忆》（The Summing Up）中说，他自己作文，有三个标准，按其重要性次序说来，第一是达（lucidity），第二是简（simplicity），第三是顺（euphony）。达者，就是把话说清楚了，使人一看就懂；简者，要言不烦，少说废话；顺者，音调悦耳，便于上口。这三点——尤其是达——为毛姆一生致力所在，当代作家在这三点上的成就，能及得上毛姆的，实不多见。国内有几种英文选本都选用毛姆《中国游记》（On a Chinese Screen）里的文章，其实他那本书里的文字，既不达，又不简，并不足以代表他的风格。
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本文选自他的散文集《随心所至》（The Vagrant Mood, Doubleday & Co. 1953）。原题《某书的读后感》（“Reflections on a Certain Book”）。他所谓某书是康德的美学名著《判断力之批判》（Critique of the Power of Judgment），这样一个书名很可能把一个不学哲学的外行读者吓倒，但是毛姆自己承认对于哲学也是外行，只是对于艺术有兴趣，所以他觉得他对于美学的问题也可以来发表意见。全文分六节，第一节是描写康德的日常生活，就如下面所节录介绍的。后五节是他读康德美学名著后的杂感，都很平易近人，并不比第一节艰难多少。
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Punctually at five minutes to five Lampe, his servant, waked Professor Kant and by five, in his slippers, dressing-gown and night-cap, over which he wore his three-cornered hat, he seated himself in his study ready for breakfast. This consisted of a cup of weak tea and a pipe of tobacco. The next two hours he spent thinking over the lecture he was to deliver that morning. Then he dressed. The lecture room was on the ground floor of his house. He lectured from seven till nine and so popular were his lectures that if you wanted a good seat you had to be there at six-thirty.
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● Punctually：准时地。Lampe：仆人之名。slippers：拖鞋；dressing-gown：晨服（燕居时所穿之宽大袍服）；night-cap：睡帽。注意：穿（鞋或衣）和戴（帽）都可以用介词in来表示。
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● three-cornered hat：三角状之帽；康德把它戴在睡帽的外面。study：书房。deliver：发表（演讲）。
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● 本段句法都很平顺，只有第三句The next two hours he spent…中hours为宾语，放在动词之前；末句so popular were his lectures中主语lectures放在动词之后。此种次序之颠倒，大多为加强语气之用；移放在一句前头的字，往往是意义上应该着重的字。
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Kant, seated behind a little desk, spoke in a conversational tone, in a low voice, and very rarely indulged in gesture, but he enlivened his discourse with humour and abundant illustrations. His aim was to teach his students to think for themselves and he did not like it when they busied themselves with their quills to write down his every word.
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“Gentlemen, do not scratch so,” he said once. “I am no oracle.”
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● seated是过去分词。conversational tone：普通谈话式的语气（不像在讲学）。
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● indulged in：任性而为。用了indulge in以后，所做的事情大约并不是一件好事；即使并不是坏事，至少也应该加以节制而少去做它的。照毛姆的意思，讲学的时候多做手势一事并不可取，但是康德很少有这个毛病。enlivened：使活泼有趣。discourse：讲演。illustrations：实例，用以说明理论者。
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● he did not like it之it指学生勤记笔记这种情形。quills：鸟羽笔。
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● scratch原意是“扒，搔”，转作“像扒搔似的写字”：乱写，急写。
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● oracle：代表天神发言之人。这种人的话才是值得一字不漏地记下来的。
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It was his custom to fix his eyes on a student who sat close to him and judge by the look on his face whether or not he understood what he said. But a very small thing distracted him. On one occasion he lost the thread of his discourse because a button was wanting on the coat of one of the students, and on another, when a sleepy youth persistently yawned, he broke off to say:
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