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● gap:歧异。vernacular:白话,口语。这个字通常作形容词用:口语的。
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“It is quite unlikely,” said Whitehead, “that Cicero spoke to his friends in the language of his letters, to say nothing of his orations.”
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“A slave population complicates it, too,” Mrs. Whitehead added. “No matter how vivid or picturesque the vernacular may be, if it is used by a servile class it is avoided by the educated.”
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● Cicero(160—43 B.C.)是拉丁文文章大家。他的文章流传于世,他的谈话失传。据怀德海看来,Cicero的谈话,不大可能(quite unlikely)像他书札一样的文绉绉的。因为谈话用的是白话,书札可能用的是文言。至于Cicero的演说稿,那更是句法整齐,音调铿锵,和平常谈话差别之大,那更不必说了(to say nothing of…)。
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● a slave population:罗马社会中的奴隶阶级。这使得问题(it)更为复杂。不论白话是多么的生动(vivid)如画(picturesque),不过它既为贩夫走卒(servile class:贱役阶级)所用,就为士大夫所不取了。
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I said that the gap seemed particularly wide in English.
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“Not so wide as you might think,” said he. “The London poorer classes, for example, have an extraordinary appreciation for Shakespeare. His language doesn’t put them off at all: their sense of humour is about the same as his; they think the things are funny. All this is not surprising for they were the sort of people for whom the plays were originally written. There is a school of technology in the East End for which I used to be on the visiting committee, and I saw a good deal of it. One evening a teacher was going over a page of literature in a textbook with his class, and asked the meaning of an unusual seventeenth-century word. One of the young men answered correctly. He was asked how he happened to know. ‘I saw a play of Shakespeare’s (he named the one) at the Old Vic last Thursday night, and that word was used in it in the same sense as here.’”
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● particularly wide:拉丁文文言、白话之间既有如此差别,英文的文言、白话之间的差别似乎尤其大。gap原意是“空隙,裂痕”,形容它的“大”,应该用wide。
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● 怀德海的意思:差别没有此君所想象那样的大。莎士比亚在今日读来,总算是“文”的了,但是伦敦比较贫苦的人(因此受教育不多),对于莎士比亚,特别能欣赏。
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● put off有“阻止”之意。莎翁的文字并不能把他们“推开”。
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● sense of humour:幽默感。莎翁剧本里不乏下流的俏皮话和低级趣味的滑稽场面(但这无损莎翁的价值,此处不讨论),他的幽默感和伦敦中下社会的幽默感大致类似(about the same)。
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● the things:莎翁剧本里的滑稽的东西。他们认为这些东西的确是滑稽的。这一切并不奇怪,因为莎翁剧本本来是为这辈人而写的。
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● school of technology:工业职业学校。East End:伦敦的东区,居民类率为中下社会之人,与上流社会所居之西区(West End)不同。
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● visiting committee:监督委员会。委员经常到校视察(visit),监督校务。任委员之职,可说:on the committee。saw a good deal of it:关于学校情形,我所见甚多。
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● an unusual seventeenth-century word:文学教本里,一个冷僻的、十七世纪的古字。
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● happened:照这班学生的程度,这种古字他们不该认得的,怎么这个学生“碰巧会”认得呢?
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● he named the one:莎翁那部剧本的名字,那个学生是说出来的。但是怀氏在这里并没有复述。the Old Vic:伦敦剧院名,以演莎翁剧著名。英国电影明星,出身Old Vic剧院者,颇不乏人。
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● that word:莎翁死于1616年,他所用的字,十七世纪诗文中常常可以见到。那个学生虽然读书无多,但是看了莎翁的戏,居然把戏里的生字都能记得,到课堂上来应用,足见莎翁剧本之深入人心。
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“If I may say a good word for American slang,” said I, “it is that, besides being fresh and vigorous, it is almost always sweet and clean, pure animal high spirits.”
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“That is true,” he assented, “and very much to your people’s credit.”
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● 他们又讨论到美国俚语(slang)的问题。作者是美国人,他要替美国俚语说一句好话,但是怀氏夫妇是英国人,对于美国的东西未必赞成,所以作者先请他们原谅:“假如容许我……的话。”这种谦逊的态度,是一个受过高尚教育的人应有的风度。一般学习英语会话的人,即使能够说得口若悬河、舌生莲花,假如风度不够,仍旧没有学到家也。
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● it is that的that是连接词,引起下面的名词性从句。照作者看来,美国俚语除了新鲜有劲之外,差不多都是清洁而可爱(前面他们刚讨论过,法国的俚语常隐含一种恶俗的意义:French slang generally has a nasty innuendo behind it),只是纯粹表示一种生命的活力。animal high spirits:天生的兴高采烈。high spirits:兴致高,起劲。
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● to your people’s credit:是贵国人民的光荣。credit解作“好名誉”,to one’s credit(此人博得别人的称赞)是成语。
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● 讲起美国俚语,1957年2月18日的Time杂志有一段讨论文字,颇有趣。英国一位Lord Conesford爵爷对于“美国英文”大肆攻击,他认为美国人把face,meet,check这三个简单的动词,累赘地说成face up to,meet up with,check up on是不足为训的。还有几个“美国字”,也是要不得的:如underprivileged(贫穷),hospitalized(住医院),alibi(借口),bi-partisan(共和、民主两党联合一致的)等。但是这些都算是美国的正式英文,对于美国slang,这位爵爷倒颇表首肯。他认为俚语常常都是“雄健可喜”(virile and admirable)的。他举的例子:
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bulldozer:声威逼人、欺凌弱小之人,开路机。
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