1705036180

1705036181 chips, the thin pieces that fly out when one is chopping wood. These chips lay strewn over the whole ground, in Thoreau’s woodyard.

1705036182

1705036183 incessantly, without stopping.

1705036184

1705036185 combatants, fighters; warriors; contenders.

1705036186

1705036187 “duellum” and“bellum.”Duellum is a contest between two persons, while bellum is the Latin word for war, a contest between two races, a war between many persons.

1705036188

1705036189 pitted, matched in a fight; fighting; set in a pit to fight.

1705036190

1705036191 legions . The legion was a body of soldiers, from 3,000 to 5,000 men, forming the principal unit of the ancient Roman army. The word is used here to denote a military force or army.

1705036192

1705036193 Myrmidons . According to Greek mythology, the Myrmidons were a fierce Thessalian tribe, in northeast Greece, who colonized the island of Ægina. Homer immortalized them as the warriors of Achilles, the great Greek hero. They were said to be descendants of ants （Greek myrmex =ants）, metamorphosed into men. In this essay, the Myrmidons are taken as representatives of the best type of fighters.

1705036194

1705036195 hills and vales, the uneven ground of his woodyard.

1705036196

1705036197 internecine war, war to the death; war in which neither side was willing to yield, in which the ultimate result would be destruction of both sides.

1705036198

1705036199 Why did the author use red with republicans , and black with imperialists ?

1705036200

1705036201 resolutely, decidedly; steadfastly; full of resolution and determination.

1705036202

1705036203 life went out, they were no longer alive; they were killed.

1705036204

1705036205 sun went down, night came, when it was the custom in ancient times to stop the battle. After a night of rest, the battle was continued the next morning.

1705036206

1705036207 vise, a tool or device having two jaws, closing by a screw, lever, cam，and the like. Here, the jaws of the ants are compared to the jaws of the vise.

1705036208

1705036209 adversary, opponent; enemy.

1705036210

1705036211 feelers, organs in the ant for testing things by touch or for searching for food. You might call them the arms of the ants.

1705036212

1705036213 to go by the board, to go over the board or side of the ship; hence, figuratively, to suffer complete destruction or overthrow.

1705036214

1705036215 dashed, flung; threw; knocked.

1705036216

1705036217 divested, taken away from him; removed from him.

1705036218

1705036219 members, feelers and other parts of ants.

1705036220

1705036221 pertinacity, stubbornness; obstinacy. That species of dog known as bulldog, with its large jaws and stocky body, is noted for its stubbornness. Once a bulldog has his jaws on any part of your anatomy, he will not let loose, even if beaten to death with a stick.

1705036222

1705036223 manifested, showed; displayed.

1705036224

1705036225 dispatched, put to death; sent out of the world.

1705036226

1705036227 return with his shield or upon it . This is the well-known charge or parting instruction of a Spartan mother to her son upon his departure to war. The meaning of the mother is very clear. Her son was either to return from the war victorious and honored, or to die fighting bravely for his country. It was the custom then to place the bodies of dead heroes upon their shields to convey their corpse home for burial. Return with your shield victorious and alive; or, be carried back upon your shield, honored among the dead. This story comes down to us through Plutarch, in whose “Apothegms of the Laconian Women,” the story appears thus: “Another （Spartan mother） on handing her boy his shield, exhorting him, said, ‘My son, either this or upon this.’” This truly Laconic exhortation is generally extended to read as Thoreau gives it. Sparta is in Laconia, in the southern part of ancient Greece. The Spartans were noted for their military organization and vigorous discipline and steady valor. The Spartans were likewise known for expressing much in a few words. This concise mode of expressing oneself is now called “laconic.”

1705036228

1705036229 three united for life . The two red ants and the one black ant were biting one at the other and were so closely embraced together that they seemed to make one ant instead of being three separate ants.

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