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Notes
1705037761
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Athens, the capital city of ancient Greece, the center of Greek culture.
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Homer, who lived about the ninth century before Christ, the greatest of the Greek epic poets, credited with being the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey .
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barrier, obstacles; anything that impedes the progress.
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skepticism, suspension of judgment, questioning the truth of facts and the soundness of inferences; incredulous criticism.
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vulgar, coarse; low; characteristic of the common people.
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1705037772
Carlyle, Thomas （1795-1881）, Scottish essayist and historian.
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1705037774
Plato （427-347 B.C.）, Greek philosopher.
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at his ease in Zion . Zion was the holy hill of ancient Jerusalem, in Jewish theology, but by extension came to mean the Heavenly Jerusalem or the Kingdom of Heaven. Here, the word means heavenly kingdom. A man who is at his ease in heaven is a very self-possessed man, a man who is very composed, who looks at life steadily and calmly.
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1705037778
Goethe （1749-1832）, German poet and author.
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imbibed, drunk in; assimilated; taken in and made part of his own.
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1705037782
mutual extermination, killing off one another; rooting out one another.
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literati, men of letters; the learned class.
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the Kyoto nobility, those who belong to the noble families of Kyoto, the western capital of Japan. These nobles were the most aristocrat of their kind and took on a cultured skepticism.
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Faubourg Saint Germain, in the suburban part of Paris, the aristocratic quarter of Paris.
1705037789
1705037790
pugnacious, disposed to fight; quarrelsome.
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1705037792
cultivated eighteenth-century gentlemen . English eighteenth-century gentlemen developed the nice graces of conduct, avoided passionate outburst, tried to be cultivated, civilized.
1705037793
1705037794
advent, arrival.
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Commodore Perry, Matthew Calbraith （1794-1858）, American naval officer who sailed his squadron of ships into the Bay of Tokyo in 1852 and opened Japan to western influence.
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1705037798
culpable, blameworthy; can be held to blame.
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1705037800
imminent, about to happen soon; impending.
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Shinto religion, “way of the gods,” Japanese religion partly ousted by Buddhism, but now the national religion.
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dubious, unreliable; questionable.
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Genesis, the first book of the Christian Bible, deals with the formation of the earth and of all the living things. This explanation of the genesis or origin of things we do not agree with to-day.
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the Dayton trial . A teacher was arrested and put on trial for teaching the theory of evolution in a class in biology in a high school in Dayton, in the southwestern part of the state of Ohio, one of the central states of the United States of America. Because of the nature of the accusation against the teacher, the trial attracted nation-wide interest in America, and some of the ablest legal authorities of America took part in the court trial. The teacher was found guilty of teaching doctrines contrary to the laws of that part of the country, laws which insisted that only the explanation as given in the Book of Genesis of the Bible should be taught to the young.
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