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utopias . Utopia is an imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More （1478-1535） in his book Utopia , as enjoying approximate perfection in politics, laws, etc.; hence, utopias are places or states of ideal perfection. Utopia itself means “no such place.”
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fatalistically, in the manner of one who believes the doctrine that all things are subject to fate—that the appointed lot or allotted life of an individual is foredoomed or predetermined.
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croaker, one who grumbles or complains unreasonably; one who habitually forebodes evil.
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glow, from intense heat within;shine , by emiting or reflecting light.
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brought round again, come back again.
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anonymously, without a leader or a name.
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initiatives, first steps; leads; things done by an inventor.
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patterns, those which are to be, or are fit to be, copied or imitated.
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rivalry, competing; vying; being rivals.
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statable, can be stated.
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ultra-simple, extremely simple; easily intelligible.
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cue . The cue is the last word or words of a speech, or the ending of any action in a play, as indicating the time for the next person to speak or act. Taking their cue means succeeding in order of time, rank, sequence, etc.
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bird’s-eye view, the view that can be embraced at a glance, hence, a general view, not one that enters into minute details.
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take our bearings, find out where we stand; show us where we are.
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shifting, changing in form or character; changeable.
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alumni are the male graduates of a college or other institution of learning;alumnæ are the female graduates.Alumnus and alumna are the corresponding singular forms.
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noblesse oblige, nobility obliges, —often used to denote the obligation of the honorable and generous behavior associated with high rank or birth.
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corporate, united, combined into one group; group.
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class-consciousness, thoughts and feelings that belong to us as a class.
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“Les intellectuels,” applied ironically by the “red bloods” to Zola, Clemenceau and other intellectual leaders of France who stood up for Dreyfus.
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ironically, expressing a sort of humor, ridicule, or light sarcasm, which adopts a mode of speech the intended implication of which is the opposite of the literal sense of the words, as when expressions of praise are used where blame is meant.
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“red blood,” the anti-Semitic and other strongly nationalistic groups in France which were in favor of keeping Dreyfus in Devil’s Island （the French penal colony）, primarily because he is a Jew. These men brought the strongest pressure to bear on the officials to prevent them from reopening the case, especially in 1896.
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anti-Dreyfus craze . Alfred Dreyfus （1859-1935）, a captain in the French army, of Jewish parentage, was accused of selling army secrets and convicted in 1894. In 1896 evidence was shown that Major Esterhazy was the traitor. The affair became a public issue. Only the decline of nationalism permitted the eventual reversal of the verdict in 1906. In the World War, Dreyfus rose to the rank of lieutenant general and was awarded the Legion of Honor. Zola, for his famous attack on the government “J’accuse,” was imprisoned. Clemenceau also fought for the condemned man.
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satirize, bring ridicule; assail with satire.
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judicious pilot, sensible and prudent guide through a difficult or unknown course.
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