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psychic, pertaining to the mind, mental as contrasted to the physical.
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gratuitous, offered free; extra; not called for by the circumstances.
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ascetic, rigid in self-denial and devotions.
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winnowed, separated and driven off; blowing the chaff away from the seed.
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chaff, the glumes or husks of grain and grasses separated from the seed by threshing and winnowing.
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hortatory ethics, moral conduct or teaching which counsels, advises, or incites or encourages.
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theology, the science of God or of religion.
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Rip Van Winkle . Joseph Jefferson （1829-1905）, American actor, seeking an original play for himself, made a dramatization of Washington Irving’s Rip Van Winkle . He first played this role in London in 1865. This drama delighted American playgoers for two generations.
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dereliction, failure in duty; a neglect or omission as if by wilful abandonment.
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Questions
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1. How is habit a conservative agent?
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2. What period is most important for the fixing of personal habits?
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3. How can we make our nervous system our ally?
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4. What are the two great maxims quoted from Professor Bain?
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5. What is the third maxim suggested?
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6. Why is action necessary?
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7. What final practical maxim is given?
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8. What encouragement may youth find in a physiological study of mental conditions?
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参考译文
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【作品简介】
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《习惯》一文选自威廉·詹姆斯1890年出版的作品《心理原则》。后收入鲁道夫·W．钱伯伦编写的《散文进阶读本》，纽约道布尔戴·佩奇出版公司1923年出版，22—26页。
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28 习惯
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“习惯乃第二天性！习惯是十倍的天性。”据说威灵顿公爵曾作此论断，此语的真切之处，唯老兵领悟最深。日复一日的严格操练，年复一年的纪律约束，影响了他们的大多数行为，造就了全新的人。
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“有这样一则故事，未必真实，却也可信。有人搞恶作剧，看见一位退伍老兵拿着晚餐回家，突然大喊：‘立正！’那老兵闻声竟然立即垂臂而立，结果，手中的羊肉和土豆都掉进了地沟。由此可见，军营的训练多么彻底，其影响已经深入老兵的神经结构之中。”
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