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short of food, lacking in food; destitute of food; without food.
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eighteenpenny, an adjective here, denoting a fare of eighteen pence or one and a half shillings.
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bob, slang in England for a shilling. Bob is the plural as well as the singular form of the word.
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broke, bankrupt, ruined, without money.
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very free, very liberal or generous with their money.
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“stood over,” leaned over. The horse was weak; its legs could hardly support the weight of the body; and therefore the knees were bent out to an unusual degree.
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innumerable ribs, because it was so skinny and emaciated, therefore the ribs stood out very plainly.
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grub, food.
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workhouse, in England, a poorhouse where able-bodied poor are maintained at public expense and made to do work.
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’ard, hard.
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broke, crushed, destroyed, shattered, took away.
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fund, a sum of money raised to help them.
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mint of money, a very large sum of money, enough to fill a mint, the place where money is coined.
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low, low in spirit, depressed, ready to give up, disspirited.
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flank, the side of the horse, between the ribs and the hip.
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Questions
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1. Explain why this story is called “Evolution.”
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2. Describe and characterize the cabman.
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3. Do you know of any similar tragedies of evolution?
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4. Would the idea of this story be as effectively expressed in ordinary essay form?
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参考译文
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【作品简介】
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《时代变迁》一文选自约翰·高尔斯华绥所著《宁静的旅馆》，纽约博纳出版社1912年出版。后收入钱伯伦及博尔顿编写的《散文进阶读本》,45—47页。
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【作者简介】
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约翰·高尔斯华绥（1867—1933），英国著名小说家、剧作家，善于分析英国上层及中产阶级，揭示造成他们行为方式的原因。著名小说有《贵族》《有产业的人》等；《贵族》描写阶级界限及社会习俗，《有产业的人》刻画福尔赛家族对占有财富的热情。代表剧作有《冲突》《公义》等。《冲突》生动有力地描写了一场罢工，揭露其邪恶与无益；《公义》则控诉了英国的司法体制。《时代变迁》（1910年）描写了处于变化中的英国社会，把散文的随意和小说的精心叙述结合起来，是这方面的代表作。
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