1705041946

1705041947 assassin, one who practices secret murder.

1705041948

1705041949 Unter den Linden, under the linden trees, the name of a street in Berlin, Germany.

1705041950

1705041951 the king, Frederick William IV （1797-1888）, William I, German Kaiser （1871-1888）, Prussian king （1861-1888）.

1705041952

1705041953 about to yield in 1862, because of opposition to the king’s army program in Parliament. Bismarck was just then appointed minister-president, and after he had failed to secure approval of the king’s program, he dissolved Parliament, and in direct violation of the constitution, collected and expended state revenue. He assumed control of the entire government and suppressed all opposition.

1705041954

1705041955 scabbard, sheath of the sword.

1705041956

1705041957 elicited, drew out or drew forth; evoked.

1705041958

1705041959 convulsed, shook violently （literally and figuratively）.

1705041960

1705041961 gloss over, cover up; explain away; say as little as possible.

1705041962

1705041963 after a thousand years of dissent . Charlemagne was able to bring most of the present Germany into the bounds of his empire by his energetic conquest of the Saxons, but the unity of his empire was ephemeral. The breakdown of the state was signalized in the Treaty of Verdun （843） when the three sons of Louis I, the Pious, divided the territories, the eastern portion going to Louis the German. The eastern territories never achieved a real unity; five great duchies, Saxony, Franconia, Lorraine, Bavaria, and Swabia, developed, and were dominant. From that time down to Bismarck’s day, these and many other divisions that later sprang up kept Germany from becoming a united nation.

1705041964

1705041965 rent, torn apart; dissociated.

1705041966

1705041967 coping, meeting with; dealing with.

1705041968

1705041969 oscillation, changing repeatedly back and forth; fluctuation.

1705041970

1705041971 white heat, great heat; under great compulsion; at a great speed.

1705041972

1705041973 forged, built up; shaped; made.

1705041974

1705041975 this realm of music, German musicians and composers, such as Beethoven （1770-1827）, Mendelssohn （1809-1847）, Schumann （1810-1856）, Wagner （1813-1883）, and Brahms （1833-1897）, and the Austrian Schubert （1797-1828）, are well known in the field of music.

1705041976

1705041977 wariness, state of being cautious; cautiousness.

1705041978

1705041979 monomaniac, one whose mind is deranged upon a single subject only.

1705041980

1705041981 primum mobile （first moved）, with Aristotle, the highest physical sphere, or heaven of the fixed stars, which is in immediate contact with God, and derives its circular motion, the most perfect of all motions, directly from him; hence, any deep-seated impulse or urge.

1705041982

1705041983 Napoleon the parvenu . A parvenu is a person of obscure origin who has gained wealth or a high position; an upstart, in other words. Napoleon came from an obscure family, while Bismarck came from a family that had a long history back of it; therefore Napoleon is called the parvenu, while Bismarck is entitled the noble.

1705041984

1705041985 misanthropy, hatred of mankind.

1705041986

1705041987 ideologist or artist, idle theorizer or artist （musician, painter and such）; philosopher or artist.

1705041988

1705041989 homo politicus, political man; political being; the practical administrator.

1705041990

1705041991 pedants of the Frankfort variety . Frankfort refers to the town Frankfort am Main in Germany where the Frankfort National Assembly was held in 1848-1849. A preliminary parliament （the Vorparlament） met in March, 1848, in response to popular demand and called an assembly, the parliament which convened May 13, 1848. Its president was Heinrich von Gagern （1799-1880）. Delegates from all the German states gathered for the purpose of discussing plans for the unification of Germany. The delegates were of all political complexions from radical democrats to conservative royalists. There was much conflict among them and it was only after much travail that a constitution for a united Germany was drawn up. The rivalry of Austria and Prussia further complicated the problem, and the whole scheme ended in failure when Frederick William IV of Prussia, partially from fear of Austria, partially because he did not wish to have a crown given him by commoners, refused the headship of the proposed empire. Though it failed, the Parliament’s proposals were valuable to Bismarck later in the formation of the empire.

1705041992

1705041993 Pomeranian back-country, the uncultivated regions of Pomerania, North Prussia. Bismarck came from an old Brandenburg family.

1705041994

1705041995 political primitive, one unlearned in politics; one who entered the field of politics without any previous experience in it.

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