1705042027
had tenanted the realm longer than they, had lived in Germany as a family longer than the Hohenzollern family.
1705042028
1705042029
truncated, cut off at the top or end.
1705042030
1705042031
nihilism, a name first applied by Turgenev in his novel Fathers and Sons （1862）to the theory held by many Russian revolutionists that it was necessary to destroy existing economic and social institutions, whatever was to be the nature of the better social order for which the destruction was to prepare.
1705042032
1705042033
transvaluations, changing values.
1705042034
1705042035
fifty years later, to-day.
1705042036
1705042037
inveterately, deep-rootedly; habitually; pronouncedly.
1705042038
1705042039
interleaved, bound with blank sheets inserted between other leaves of the book.
1705042040
1705042041
fealty, faithfulness to one’s lord; fidelity.
1705042042
1705042043
bit the golden chain, rebelled against his royal master. All through, Ludwig keeps up the comparison of Bismarck with his mastiffs.
1705042044
1705042045
not his going, but his way of going, Bismarck and the new Kaiser had come into open conflict over many matters; Bismarck was determined to embarrass the Emperor; the Emperor was as determined to humble the aged imperial chancellor; Bismarck finally resigned. He refused to accept any favors from the throne.
1705042046
1705042047
intransigence, refusal to compromise; refusing to be reconciled, to be agreeable or to remain a faithful follower.
1705042048
1705042049
liegeman, sworn or faithful follower.
1705042050
1705042051
winced, shrank as from a blow; drew back; hesitated.
1705042052
1705042053
twenty-eight years Bismarck had governed, from 1862 to 1890，when Bismarck’s resignation was asked for.
1705042054
1705042055
twenty-eight years after, from 1890 to 1918, the end of the World War.
1705042056
1705042057
a brilliant but unnecessary facade, a very attractive but really unnecessary false front or decoration.
1705042058
1705042059
in 1871, after the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck, the creator of the new German Empire, became its first chancellor. William I was proclaimed emperor.
1705042060
1705042061
the industrious masses, the working classes; those not of the royalty.
1705042062
1705042063
forty-eight years later, 1918, when the peace conference at the end of the Great World War was held at Versailles.
1705042064
1705042065
the last three emperors of Europe . In 1872, Bismarck had formed the Three Emperors League （Germany, Russia, and Austria）, in order to isolate France in diplomacy.
1705042066
1705042067
twenty-two German dynasties, the rulers of the twenty-two states that made up the Germany previous to 1918.
1705042068
1705042069
two humble citizens . The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, Germany being represented by Mr. Herman Müller and Dr. Bell.
1705042070
1705042071
Nikolsburg, the treaty of Nikolsburg, July 26, 1866, between Prussia and Austria, concluding the Seven Weeks’ War. Bismarck counseled a moderate peace, for he desired Austria as a future ally.
1705042072
1705042073
prototype, pattern; original or model that others later have copied.
1705042074
1705042075
haven of retreat, refuge; shelter; place of refuge.
1705042076
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