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“Herr Junker,” a young German noble or squire, especially a member of the Conservative Aristocratic Party in Prussia.
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mummified prejudices of the nobility, the preconceived judgments or opinions of the nobility that had been adhered to all these years although they were antiquated and out of fashion.
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the Hohenzollerns, the family name of the then ruling family in Prussia. Frederick I （died 1400） acquired the margraviate of Brandenburg and built up the real greatness of the family. For 500 years （down to 1918, when the Kaiser had to abdicate in Germany） the Hohenzollerns ruled, gradually building up a powerful state. Frederick the Great, by his victory over Austria in 1740, made Prussia a major power. He is perhaps the greatest of the Hohenzollerns.
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had tenanted the realm longer than they, had lived in Germany as a family longer than the Hohenzollern family.
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truncated, cut off at the top or end.
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nihilism, a name first applied by Turgenev in his novel Fathers and Sons （1862）to the theory held by many Russian revolutionists that it was necessary to destroy existing economic and social institutions, whatever was to be the nature of the better social order for which the destruction was to prepare.
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transvaluations, changing values.
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fifty years later, to-day.
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inveterately, deep-rootedly; habitually; pronouncedly.
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interleaved, bound with blank sheets inserted between other leaves of the book.
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fealty, faithfulness to one’s lord; fidelity.
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bit the golden chain, rebelled against his royal master. All through, Ludwig keeps up the comparison of Bismarck with his mastiffs.
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not his going, but his way of going, Bismarck and the new Kaiser had come into open conflict over many matters; Bismarck was determined to embarrass the Emperor; the Emperor was as determined to humble the aged imperial chancellor; Bismarck finally resigned. He refused to accept any favors from the throne.
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intransigence, refusal to compromise; refusing to be reconciled, to be agreeable or to remain a faithful follower.
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liegeman, sworn or faithful follower.
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winced, shrank as from a blow; drew back; hesitated.
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twenty-eight years Bismarck had governed, from 1862 to 1890，when Bismarck’s resignation was asked for.
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twenty-eight years after, from 1890 to 1918, the end of the World War.
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a brilliant but unnecessary facade, a very attractive but really unnecessary false front or decoration.
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in 1871, after the conclusion of the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck, the creator of the new German Empire, became its first chancellor. William I was proclaimed emperor.
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the industrious masses, the working classes; those not of the royalty.
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forty-eight years later, 1918, when the peace conference at the end of the Great World War was held at Versailles.
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the last three emperors of Europe . In 1872, Bismarck had formed the Three Emperors League （Germany, Russia, and Austria）, in order to isolate France in diplomacy.
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twenty-two German dynasties, the rulers of the twenty-two states that made up the Germany previous to 1918.
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two humble citizens . The Treaty of Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, Germany being represented by Mr. Herman Müller and Dr. Bell.
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