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ten full years, from the formation of the German-Austrian Alliance in 1879 to William II’s accession in 1888.
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arbiter, arbitrator; final authority in settling discussions.
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Wotan, Wagner’s name for Woden , the chief Germanic god, called by the Norse Odin . Woden has one eye, for he gave the other for some of his knowledge. In southern Germany, Woden was especially the god of battle.
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Questions
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1. What keynote to Bismarck’s character is found in the opening quotation?
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2. Of what importance was his powerful physique?
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3. In what ways did his character lack unity? How did this parallel the condition of Germany?
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4. What was his attitude towards principles?
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5. What was his primum mobile ?
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6. Was Bismarck ideologist or artist?
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7. What attracted Frederick William to Bismarck?
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8. Under what conditions could Bismarck act effectively? What drained his energies when not fighting?
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9. Why must he be said to be a revolutionary at bottom?
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10. What new form of politics did he create?
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11. Why did Bismarck continue to champion the old social order?
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12. When the dynastic system of Germany collapsed, what still remained? Did the destruction involve the work of Bismarck?
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13. How had Bismarck’s marriage been his “haven of retreat”?
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14. How does he resemble his two mastiffs?
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参考译文
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【作品简介】
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《俾斯麦》一文选自埃米尔·路德维希所著《天才与品格》，纽约哈考特布雷斯公司1927年出版，41—52页。
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【作者简介】
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埃米尔·路德维希（1881—1948），德国传记作家、戏剧家，以研究俾斯麦（1912）、拿破仑（1924）、威廉-霍亨索伦（1925）和林肯（1929）而著称。
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37 俾斯麦
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