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Disciplina Arcani （Discipline of the Secret）, a 17th century term applied to the custom of the early church which treated certain rites as mysteries and withheld them from the knowledge of the uninitiated. There was no such secret discipline until the third century, but in the 4th and 5th centuries, it became well established. From the 6th century onward, when Christianity had won over Paganism, we hear less of the secret discipline. Baptism and the Eucharist （Lord’s Supper） were the two rites of the Church to which especially the mystery idea became attached.
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Revelation, the last book in the Bible.
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Blessed Trinity, a Christian doctrine involving the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.
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Eucharist, the sacrament of the Lord’s Supper.
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folios, books.
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concourse, gathering together.
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emporium, commercial center.
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tribunal, court of justice.
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innocuous, harmless.
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Alma Mater, the college or institution in which one has been educated, the “fostering mother.”
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Questions
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1. What is Newman’s definition of a university?
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2. What part do books play in the process of mutual education? In what ways does the method of oral instruction go beyond books?
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3. What part does oral instruction play in the production of the “gentleman”? in politics? in science? in religion?
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4. In what way is the metropolis a virtual university?
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5. What further characteristics of a university are given in the last paragraph?
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参考译文
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【作品简介】
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《什么是大学？》一文选自约翰·亨利·纽曼所著《大学的崛起和进步》第二章。后收入《历史图谱》第一卷。
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【作者简介】
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约翰·亨利·纽曼，英国神学家和作家，也被称为“红衣主教纽曼”。
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41 什么是大学？
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如果让我尽可能简明通俗地描述什么是大学，我会从他的古代名称“Studium Genera1e”即“普遍知识的学习之所”来寻求答案。这一描述意味着素昧平生的人从天涯海角汇聚一处——要来自各方，否则如何寻到各门学科中的师生？还要汇聚一堂，否则怎能有学院？因此，大学最简单和基本的形式就是学习各类知识的学校，汇聚了来自四方的师生。要实现这一描述中包含的理念需要具备多个条件；但大学的精华似乎就在于此，它是一处思想交流和传播的场所，在国家这样广泛的地域层面上来进行人际交流。
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如此表述的理念并无牵强无理之处；如果这就是大学，那么大学只照顾到我们天性中的一种需要，大学只是提供这种需要的某种特定媒介中的一个样本，这个样本可以在众多其他样本中得到引证。互动教育，从广义上来说，是人类社会伟大而持续的事业，有些带有特定目的，有些则没有。一代人成就另一代人；现有的一代总在其个体成员身上施加影响或者做出应对。在目前这个过程中，无须多言，书籍是一种特殊工具。这是事实，尤其是在这个时代。
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