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以上Nida所言,有一点似需纠正。他说:“我们也可以说It is late, I must leave。”此议不甚妥当,因为这样缺乏连接词的英句是不合其表达习惯的,至少也是拙句(clumsy sentence)。比如:
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An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once traveling in China.
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一个英国人,不会说中国话,有一次在中国旅行。
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英语原句是一个典型的形合句,而相应的汉译则是意合句。假如,将英语原句改成意合句,那读上去还有英语味吗?
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There was an Englishman. He could not speak Chinese. He was once traveling in China.
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形形色色的Connectives就是英语表达的逻辑标记。逻辑标记的外露,使行文染上了阳刚之美。如:
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Transgenic plants and animals result from genetic engineering experiments in which genetic material is moved from one organism to another, so that the latter will exhibit a characteristic.
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上句中的黑体字,如航标灯一样,明示句内的种种逻辑关系,提示读者的阅读理解。而汉译却可省略这些逻辑标记,而句意自明。如译:
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转基因动植物系遗传工程实验的产物,在这些实验中,一个生物体的遗传物质被植入另一个生物体内,后者就能显示出新的特征。
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形合,并非科技英语之专利。请读以下一段叙事文字:
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I knew my command of English was my asset, for I might make a deal with a pianist who would give me access to his piano in exchange for English lessons.
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上句共计31个单词,而Connectives(黑体字)有7个,占全句的23%!英语表达之美,由此衍生。而相应的汉译则可全然不顾这些Connectives。如译:
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我懂英语,我知道这就是我的本钱,我可以和有钢琴的人进行互助,我教他英语他教我钢琴。
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汉语重意合,无需Connectives,疏放流散,却别具韵味。在汉译英的过程中,若是对英语的形合美,或曰逻辑美,知之甚少,或不善运用,那么,其英译将乏味。试比较:
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我们过了江,进了车站。我买票,他忙着照看行李。(朱自清《背影》)
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a. We entered the railway station after crossing the River. While I was at the booking office buying a ticket, father saw to my luggage.
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b. We crossed the Yangtze and arrived at the station, where I bought a ticket while he saw to my luggage.
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后译比前译多用了一个Connective,其英语味也更浓郁!除了英语味之外,英语表达使用了Connectives,貌似遣词有所增加,其实,表达却更趋精练。
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5.2 时态(Tense)
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英语重时体,汉语轻时体。
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英语学习者长期以来惯于从语法视角观察英语时态,其实,说到底,时态问题,也是一个逻辑问题。逻辑欣赏条分缕析,反对胡子眉毛一把抓。逻辑总有逻辑的美,令表达精当,叙述准确。以汉语为母语者,会觉得英语的时态烦,不善准确传递英语的时态意义,更说不上领会其中的微妙口吻。如:
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It has often been noted that those who live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do. (Helen Keller: “Three Days to See”)
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原句运用一般现在时(live)及完成体(have lived)细微而又精确地说明了两类人,即those who live in the shadow of death和those who have lived in the shadow of death。不识此美者的译文是:
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大家看到凡是起死回生的人或者幸免一死的人,他们对所做的任何事情,总是兴趣盎然。
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唉!“起死回生的人”与“幸免一死的人”,不是一回事吗?
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