1705048834 “使然”二字，何等典雅！荀子的《劝学》篇中不是就有“虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也”一句吗？

1705048835

1705048836 作为一介书生，吴晗与黑暗势力抗争的武器是那么的有限，首先想到的是“以笔代枪”。

1705048837

1705048838 “一介”二字，何等铿锵！《史记·廉颇藺相如列传》写道：“大王遣一介之使至赵，赵立奉璧来。”

1705048839

1705048840 自学成才的他说，忝列于高等学府神圣殿堂，深感惶然。

1705048841

1705048842 “忝列”二字，何等惶然！司马光的《训俭示康》中有如此一句：二十忝科名，闻喜宴独不戴花。

1705048843

1705048844 这不啻又在这母女俩的心灵伤口上撒了一把盐。

1705048845

1705048846 “不啻”二字，何等古朴！取自蒲松龄之《促织》也。蒲写道：大喜，笼归，举家庆贺，虽连城拱璧不啻也。

1705048847

1705048848 文坛巨擘的鲁迅，一生都保持了学生时代的生活习惯。

1705048849

1705048850 “巨擘”二字，何等肃然！梁启超在《戊戌政变记·谭嗣同传》中写道：“时余方访君寓，对坐榻上，有所擘画。”

1705048851

1705048852 车尔尼雪夫斯基说：“美感的主要特征是一种赏心悦目的快感。”以上这些文言闪烁的表达，古朴典丽，雅饬文饰，不给读者一种阅读享受吗？

1705048853

1705048854 2001年，全国高考有一轰动新闻：南京13中考生蒋昕捷，用100％的文言写成《赤兔之死》一文。引起语文教学界和语言研究者们的热切关注。国内《人民日报》、《文汇报》等数十种报刊转载此文。

1705048855

1705048856 译界对此岂能不闻不问！译界对此岂能不思不想？《赤兔之死》的出现以及学界的反应暗递一个重要信息：文言作文，得到认可。在现代汉语中适当使用文言，值得提倡！现代汉语的生机与活力，来自新词（包括外来语）；现代汉语之美来自适当使用文言。

1705048857

1705048858 《赤兔之死》有一段：

1705048859

1705048860 赤兔马泣曰：“吾尝慕不食周粟之伯夷、叔齐之高义。玉可碎而不可损其白，竹可破而不可毁其节。士为知己而死，人因诚信而存，吾安肯食吴粟而苟活于世间？”言罢，伏地而亡。

1705048861

1705048862 一叶知秋。仅此一段，便足令我们领略文言的典雅和飘逸。对偶，是如此工整而又洒脱：“玉可碎而不可损其白，竹可破而不可毁其节，士为知己而死，人因诚信而存。”简洁，是如此晓畅明白：“泣曰……言罢，伏地而亡。”

1705048863

1705048864 当试图以同样典雅飘逸的英语文字来翻译上段文字，而发现不可能的时候，我们才能更真切地发出慨叹：典雅，非汉语莫属也！

1705048865

1705048866 Chi-tu then said woefully, “I have long admired the noble Bo Yi and Shu Qi who refused food from their enemy and learnt that a jade, even if shattered, can never lose its purity and likewise a bamboo, even if cleaved, will remain straight. Since only for a bosom friend does a noble man choose to die and only for the virtue of honesty does a common man choose to live, how can I lick from my enemy’s finger and live an undeserved life?” With these words, it fell dead.

1705048867

1705048868 文言英译，其结果不言自明。那么，若将近代的英语作品译成汉语，将是怎样的情况呢？比如16～17世纪的英国哲学家Francis Bacon（弗兰西斯·培根）的名篇“Of Studies”（《论读书》）的原文与其汉译，略作对比，结果又将如何？

1705048869

1705048870 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business. For expert men can execute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best from those that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgement wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need pruning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.

1705048871

1705048872 读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然纵观统筹、全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰过盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接；而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者羡读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细想。书有可浅尝者，可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼慢咽。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味矣。

1705048873

1705048874 16～17世纪的英国文豪Francis Bacon若是地下有知，当会对此段之汉译而大发感慨！打个比方，文字飘逸古劲的《赤兔之死》译成英语，宛如一杯清醇的浓茶中兑了一桶水。那么，“Of Studies”的汉语今译，则是锦上添花！本已端庄的原文更加秀逸多姿，本已耐读的表达更加典雅精彩！语言的成功转换，令文章的内涵趋深、趋泛、趋秀、趋雅。

1705048875

1705048876 试比较：

1705048877

1705048878 To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation.

1705048879

1705048880 此句并非perfect parallelism（完美的平行结构），而相应的汉译“读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰过盛则矫”，却是形式更趋完美的对仗句式！

1705048881

1705048882 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgement and disposition of business.

1705048883

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