1705049517
1705049518
“I used to think I was poor. Then they told me I wasn’t poor; I was needy. Then they said it was self-defeating to think of myself as needy, that I was culturally deprived. Then they told me deprived was a bad image, that I was underprivileged. Then they told me that underprivileged was overused, that I was disadvantaged. I still don’t have a dime. But I have a great vocabulary.” (Jules Feiffer)
1705049519
1705049520
我以前总认为自己穷,后来他们告诉我说我并非“穷”,而是“匮乏的”;而后他们说认为自己“匮乏”未免自我坍台,还是说“被剥夺文化教育权利的”;而后他们又说“被剥夺”三字形象不佳,应该说,“享有较少权益的”;而后他们又说这个说法已经用腻了,现在该说“处在不利地位的”。到头来我还是一文不名,可词儿却有了一大堆。
1705049521
1705049522
趋美,是社会文明及进步之必然。语言趋美,即模糊表达的一个动因。
1705049523
1705049524
以上段为例:
1705049525
1705049526
poor→needy→culturally deprived→underprivileged→disadvantaged
1705049527
1705049528
五个形容词一字排开,从明晰到模糊,从简单到复杂。最后,“穷”(poor)这个再简单不过的意思,居然用disadvantaged来表示!disadvantaged的常用意义是什么呢?《美国传统词典》的释义是:1)处于不利地位的;2)贫困的,缺乏生活中的一些必需品或有利条件,如宽余的住房,医疗护理,或教育设备;3)处于不利条件下的,尤指相对于竞争或相反的因素或力量;4)处于下层的。
1705049529
1705049530
模糊,磨语锋,藏峥嵘,得体之美隐现于云遮雾幛之间。
1705049531
1705049532
3.2.2 求文采
1705049533
1705049534
趋美,令人们追求文采。文采,往往不能与直白共舞,却与空泛携手。
1705049535
1705049536
毛泽东曾经撰文颂扬过的加拿大医生白求恩大夫(Norman Bethune)是一个散文高手,他写下的“The True Artist”《真正的艺术家》的开头一段是如此简单,却又如此空泛:
1705049537
1705049538
The true artist lets himself go. He is natural. He swims easily in the stream of his own temperament. He listens to himself. He respects himself.
1705049539
1705049540
多少读者为第一句的理解犯难!总不能将它译成“真正的艺术家让他自己去”吧!接着,白求恩又写道:
1705049541
1705049542
He becomes all men in himself. … The function of the artist is to disturb.
1705049543
1705049544
遣词浅显,却句义空泛。空泛诞生模糊,这也是文采的常见形式之一。不能译成:在他身上他变成了所有的人。……艺术家的功能就是捣乱。
1705049545
1705049546
以上各句可译:
1705049547
1705049548
真正的艺术家是狂放不羁的。他自由自在,悠然自得地在自己个性的川流中畅游。他倾听自我,尊重自我。……他成了所有人的化身。……艺术家的职责就是要惊世骇俗。
1705049549
1705049550
3.2.3 求幽默
1705049551
1705049552
在长期的语言实践中,人们认识到:模糊与幽默之间的关系可谓形影相随。一般认为,幽默的产生需要三个必备条件:首先,幽默必须包含两个相关且矛盾的因素,如好与坏、真与假、机智与荒谬等等。幽默的本质就是一种独特的喜剧性矛盾。〔15〕其次,幽默表述中至少有一部分是模糊的。只有这样,才能为读者提供体味和思索的空间。这是必要条件。最后,“顿悟”的实现是幽默成功的最关键一步。所谓顿悟(Epiphany),指的是突然的精神感悟。
1705049553
1705049554
请读以下题为“All Right”《没关系》的幽默故事:
1705049555
1705049556
Hurrying my 11-year old daughter to school, I made a right turn at a red light when it was prohibited. “Uh-oh,” I said, realizing my mistake. “I just make an illegal turn.”
1705049557
1705049558
“I guess it’s all right,” my daughter replied. “The police car behind us did the same thing.”
1705049559
1705049560
我急着开车将11岁的女儿送到学校去,在红灯处右拐了,而那是不允许的(译者注:在一些国家如英国,其交通规则是车辆靠左行,与我国相反)。“啊噢,”意识到犯了错误,我说,“我违章拐弯了!”
1705049561
1705049562
“我想那没关系的,”女儿回答说。“我们后面的警车,同样在拐弯。”
1705049563
1705049564
这个故事的幽默之“眼”在于:“The police car behind us did the same thing.”此言之诙谐,并非一词多义或句子歧义所酿成,而是一种“情景歧义”所酿成的。所谓“情景歧义”,即一件事情的表象和真相混淆,令人们产生不同的认识和理解。本句之妙,即妙在此。The police car behind us did the same thing,年幼的女儿对这个事实,仅见其表象,并做出错误推断:我们拐弯没有拐错,因为警车亦这样拐弯了。而其真相却是:警车尾随而至,是要对我们进行处罚而已。
1705049565
1705049566
短文戛然收尾,让人回味。表象无须点破,惟有保留了这点模糊,让读者咀嚼其中幽默,短文才能有味,才能出彩。模糊去,则幽默去,短文将大煞风景。若是添加如此“蛇足”:“No, my god, the police are coming after us for the fine.” I said. (“不,天哪!警察追上来是要罚我们款了。”我说。)那“蛇足”,让人败兴,因为,此“蛇足”驱散了模糊!上面的“情景歧义”,又可称为“情景幽默”。
[
上一页 ]
[ :1.705049517e+09 ]
[
下一页 ]