打字猴:1.705050803e+09
1705050803
1705050804 b.    Tune: Tian Jin Sha
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1705050806       By Ma Zhiyuan
1705050807
1705050808 Withered vines hanging on old branches,
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1705050810 Returning crows croaking at dusk.
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1705050812 A few houses hidden past a narrow bridge,
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1705050814 And below the bridge quiet creek running.
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1705050816 Down a worn path, in the west wind,
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1705050818 A lean horse comes plodding.
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1705050820 The sun dips down in the west,
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1705050822 And the lovesick traveler is still at the end of the world.
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1705050824 (丁祖馨、Burton Raffel译)
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1705050826 若将以上两译中的黑体字省略,那句将不句,诗将不诗!
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1705050828 除了诗歌之外,在日常的表达中,汉语同样处处闪烁以神驭形之美,简洁、模糊而耐人咀嚼。如:红男绿女。清朝的壮者《扫迷帚》第十九回中写道:“那三人泊舟登岸,缓步来前,但见红男绿女,牵手偕行;败果浊醪,设摊当路。”此后,“红男绿女”便渐入汉语流通领域,指衣饰华丽的青年男女。刘绍棠在其小说《小荷才露尖尖角》中写道:红男绿女丛中,他那头顶着高粱花的一身土气,就像羊群里跳出个骆驼。……更引人多看几眼。
1705050829
1705050830 “红男绿女”四个字,没有任何的粘连,皆可谓核心词。以神驭形的汉语,培养了我们不甚在乎那个形的阅读习惯。语言悟性,不会让我们硬性去理解“红”修饰“男”,而产生“‘红’字如何去形容男”的疑问,或者“‘绿’字如何去形容女”的疑问。读者会自然而然地得其神,将“红男绿女”理解成:穿着了红红绿绿的服饰的男男女女(多指男女青年)。
1705050831
1705050832 英译“红男绿女”,那就不可循以神驭形之思路,译成red men and green women。而得转换成以形摄神,抑或形神并重的表达。如:
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1705050834 a. young men and women in holiday dress
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1705050836 b. fashionably dressed men and women
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1705050838 c. gaudily dressed men and women
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1705050840 三个表达皆使用了逻辑标记(如其中的黑体字)!
1705050841
1705050842 以神驭形仍是现代汉语的表意特征。试比较以下两段文字:
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1705050844 冬天,一个冰寒的晚上。在寂寞的马路旁边,疏枝交横的树下,候着最后一辆搭客汽车的,只我一人。虽然不远的墙边,也蹲有一团黑影,但他却是伸手讨钱的。马路两旁,远远近近都立着灯窗明灿的别墅,向暗蓝的天空静静地微笑着。在马路上是冷冰冰的,还刮着一阵阵猛厉的风。留在枝头的一两片枯叶,也不时发出破碎的哭声。(艾芜《冬夜》)
1705050845
1705050846 It was a cold winter night. The street was deserted. I stood alone under a tree with an entanglement of bare branches overhead, waiting for the last bus to arrive. A few paces off in the darkness there was a shadowy figure squatting against the wall, but he turned out to be a tramp. The street was lined with fine houses, their illuminated windows beaming quietly towards the dark blue sky. It was icy cold with a gust of strong wind howling around. A couple of withered leaves, still clinging to the branches, rustled mournfully from time to time.
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1705050848 此段汉语表达是典型的“散乱”句型。所谓散乱,即其结构无焦点可言,句子没有明确的主语。一般说来,此类句子结构经不起逻辑推敲和分析,然而,以汉语为母语者,丝毫不会产生困惑。善于从模糊中廓清虚幻,善于从散乱中获得赅义,是以汉语为母语者的语言思维强项,读者能以其核心语汇为主要依靠,感悟语义,驰骋想象。
1705050849
1705050850 例如,什么叫“疏枝交横”?我们见之,就能产生联想——落叶后的树枝显得很稀疏,相互交错着。相比之下,“疏枝交横”这个核心语汇,以神驭形,表达极为简练,简练中透出些许模糊,但我们理解起来却是轻车熟路一般。而英语,是特别讲究逻辑的语言,来不得半点这种简练而造就的模糊,必须以形摄神。其相应英译就显出了这种特性(注意其中的黑体字):疏枝交横→a tree with an entanglement of bare branches
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1705050852 “在马路上是冷冰冰的,还刮着一阵阵猛厉的风”一句也以神驭形,形散而意聚,我们不会计较句子怎么没有主语,也无须考证“冷冰冰”指人,还是指空气。但是,译成英语,就没有那么模糊了。句子不能没有主语,应该补上。“冷冰冰”和“一阵阵猛厉的风”之间是何种关系?也应该以逻辑标记,加以显现。因此,得以下英译(注意其中的黑体字):It was icy cold with a gust of strong wind howling around.
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