1705052429

1705052430 译者究竟如何去理解和阐释原句中的一个形容词reckless——这个人物描写的点睛之笔呢？reckless的本义是indifferent to or disregardful of consequences（不顾后果的；对后果不关心或忽视的）。

1705052431

1705052432 期待视野，可分为两种，一种是读者平时积累的生活经验，一种是读者在阅读过程中积累的文本经验。这两种经验彼此依存，不能截然分开。比如，阅读本篇故事，读者渐渐发现，维罗妮卡，红杏出墙之有夫之妇，非循规蹈矩之辈。另外，就连她的服饰也个性鲜明（It was not a color most women would wear）！据此，原译将reckless译成了“野性”，未尝不可，倒也实现了“自上而下，由结构整体到组成部分的认知方法”。

1705052433

1705052434 然而，如上所述，正如接受美学的创始人没有预料到的，语感，因人而异，阅读能力，也因人而异。尤其是当SL系非母语时，阅读就平添一层困难。比如，原译者虽能正确把握reckless一词，却未能正确把握整句。

1705052435

1705052436 如果SL为非母语，译者在理解方面所遇到的障碍会倍增，从而制约译者两种经验的发挥，因此，常常可以在译文中发现不合情理，抑或语无伦次的现象，也就不足为奇了。比如对though it was no longer summer but September when they parted, the grass in the fields going to seed and the air noisy with cicadas的理解而言，九月虽是初秋，但是，此刻的田野里的草开始结籽，似乎为时过早，而空气里弥漫着蝉鸣，表面上也有点不合时宜。这些精炼的写景，绝非闲笔，而是在影射维罗妮卡和莱斯的关系的嘎然而止的为时过早，或是不合时宜，句中一个连接词——though，就暗示了此种影射。而原译者却未能领会，译笔含混而缺乏逻辑。

1705052437

1705052438 【改译】维罗妮卡有一套心爱的夏装，宽大的椭圆形衣领，半长的袖子，颜色为橙色，是那种扎染的浓淡不均的橙色。大多数女人不穿这种颜色，但是它却凸现了她笔直长发的张扬光泽和她那绿色的眸子。回首他们的那段情，莱斯半眯双眼，眼前似乎出现了一抹橙色，尽管他们分手时早已不是夏天，而是九月，此时田间的萋萋芳草却即将结籽，空气中依然充斥蝉鸣。维罗妮卡一边听着，一边泪湿双眸，下唇颤抖着。莱斯解释说，他实在不忍心离开莉莎和孩子们，孩子们几乎还在襁褓之中呢。除非他能抛妻别子，否则，不如在两人的关系尚不为人知时快刀斩乱麻，免得事情弄糟，落得妻离子散，声败名裂。维罗妮卡泪眼朦胧地审视着莱斯，心里断定莱斯爱她的程度确实还不足以把她从格雷戈尔那里解救出来。身不由己——莱斯选择了这样的话来表述其处境。于是，两人相拥而泣——莱斯的眼泪滴在维罗妮卡椭圆形领口露出的肩膀上，亮晶晶的——随后彼此约定，除了他俩，天下永远无人知晓此事。

1705052439

1705052440 And yet, through the fall and winter and into the next summer, he felt cheated by this secrecy; their affair had been something wonderful he wanted known. He tried to rekindle her attention. She ignored his longing looks, and rebuked his confused attempts to single her out in a crowd. Her green eyes glared, under the frown of her long reddish eyebrows. “Les dear,” she said to him once when he cornered her late at a party, “did you ever hear the expression ‘Shit or get off the pot’?”

1705052441

1705052442 【原译】然而，经过了秋冬两季及来年的夏季，他觉得自己被这个秘密欺骗了。他们之间的事原来是他想公之于众的好事。他想再度引起她的关注，她却不理会他热切的神情，并指责他一次次将她从人群里找出来很不可理喻。她皱着她那长长的略带红色的眉毛，那双绿色的眼睛怒目圆睁。“亲爱的莱斯，”一次当她在聚会上被莱斯挡着去路留到很晚时，她说：“你听说过‘占着茅坑不拉屎’这句话吗？”

1705052443

1705052444 初译者在阅读过程中理应进行“自上而下，由结构整体到组成部分的认知方法”，能完成所谓的“完形组织”，这种心理的演变和发展，有点类似考试中的完形填空（cloze test）。所谓cloze test，即a test of reading comprehension in which the test taker is asked to supply words that have been systematically deleted from a text。若将通俗的格式塔的完形理论用于翻译，对SL中的理解，似乎可以如此改写：The translator is asked to supply the exact and distinctive meaning of expressions that have been fuzzy, or a puzzle in a text．原译者对shit or get off the pot，显然不能supply the exact and distinctive meaning of expressions。维罗妮卡，口出粗话，表现了对莱斯当初主动和她断绝关系，现在又想破镜重圆的做法的不理解及不满。维罗妮卡巧妙地将和她断绝关系比作get off the pot，将纠缠她，比作shit。因此，原译者之译“占着茅坑不拉屎”，就成了不合逻辑的“完形组织”。

1705052445

1705052446 有的将上句译成了“妈的，吃着碗里的看着锅里的”、“有屁就放”、“有话就说，有屁就放”。同样，属于“完形之误”。

1705052447

1705052448 “要么不做，要么做了不后悔”，如此译文，虽然意思上无大出入，但是在语体上舍俗求雅，也当视作“误填”。因为，维罗尼卡的这句粗话，和上面出现的一个形容词（reckless）一脉相承，是她整个个性的合理折射。

1705052449

1705052450 【改译】然而，秋去冬来，盛夏又至，莱斯感觉为所谓守密而被愚弄了，他想两人之间的那段私情真奇妙，他想公诸于众。他试图重燃维罗尼卡心头的爱火。维罗尼卡却对他渴盼的眼神视而不见。意乱情迷的莱斯想在聚会中单独约出维罗妮卡，却被屡遭叱责。维罗尼卡紧锁着的两道淡红色的柳眉下，一双绿眼睛对他怒目而视。“亲爱的莱斯，”一次，派对快结束时，莱斯缠住维罗妮卡，维罗妮卡对他说，“你听说过‘要么就拉屎，要么就别占茅坑’这句话吗？”

1705052451

1705052452 “Well, I have now,” he said, shocked and offended. Lisa would never have said such a thing, any more than she would have worn splashy tie-dyed orange.

1705052453

1705052454 “哦，现在我听说了，”他说道，心里既惊又恼。莉莎可决不会口出此言，就像她决不会穿斑驳的扎染橙色服装一样。

1705052455

1705052456 His concealed affair with Veronica burned within him like an untreated infection, and as the years went by it seemed that Veronica, too, suffered from it; she seemed never to have quite recovered from the bee sting. Weight loss, making her look gaunt and stringy, alternated with periods of puffiness and overweight. There were trips to the local hospital, about which Gregor was adamantly mysterious, and spells when Veronica was hidden within her house, suffering from complaints that her husband, showing up at parties by himself, refused to name. Les, in his inert, romantic way, imagined her, having in a fit of treacherous weakness confessed their affair to Gregor, being held captive by him. Or else regret over losing Les was gnawing at her delicate constitution. Her beauty did not greatly suffer from her frailty, but gained a new dimension from it, a ghostly glow, a poignancy. After years of sunbathing—all women did it back then—Veronica developed photosensitivity, and stayed pale all summer. Her teeth, as her thirties wore on, gave her trouble, and the orthodontics and periodontics specialists she regularly consulted had their offices in the nearby middle-sized city, in a tall building across from the one in which Les worked as an investment counsellor.

1705052457

1705052458 【原译】他和维罗妮卡之间的隐情像感染没有得到医治一样在他的心里熊熊燃烧，而且尽管已是事过多年，维罗妮卡好像也深受此情煎熬，她好像从来没有从被蜜蜂螫伤中完全康复过来。她体重下降了，显得憔悴而骨瘦如柴，间或虚胖和体重超标。她也去过几趟当地医院，对此格雷戈尔神神秘秘的，守口如瓶；也有时候她独守空房，痛苦地抱怨她丈夫独自去参加聚会却不告诉她是些什么聚会。莱斯以他懒散、浪漫的方式，想象着她趁着体弱向格莱戈尔交代了他们之间的隐情，现在正被他软禁着，或者失去莱斯的遗憾正在侵蚀着她娇弱的身体。憔悴没有怎么折损她的美貌，反而为她增添了一份新的姿容，一种幽幽的容光，楚楚可怜。常年的日光浴——那是那时候所有女人寻求自然色的做法——使她变得对光线特别敏感，整个夏季都面色苍白。随着三十多岁的年月渐渐飘逝，她的牙齿开始出现问题，定期为她诊疗牙病的专家的诊所已经搬到附近的一座中等城市去了，在一幢高楼里，从诊所可以看到投资顾问莱斯工作的地方。

1705052459

1705052460 原译者误解了下句：There were trips to the local hospital, about which Gregor was adamantly mysterious, and spells when Veronica was hidden within her house, suffering from complaints that her husband, showing up at parties by himself, refused to name.

1705052461

1705052462 作为一种思维定势，我们误解误译的分析，往往停留在对语法的分析上。诚然，原译者确实没有能够正确分析上句的语法，张冠李戴，逻辑松散。但是，接受美学让我们的注意力转移到译者在阅读SL过程中的心理反应，具体言之，即由于其期待视野而出现的过错。

1705052463

1705052464 在理解过程中，新信息不断出现，且不断变成旧信息。理解还包含对新信息的预知和预感，即期待视野。期待视野与头脑中原有的存储（即先结构）汇成两股信息流，两者融合形成一个新的认知结构，即格式塔结构，从而形成对原作的重建。

1705052465

1705052466 可以认为，原译者的旧信息的存储不足，作者行文至此，已经为读者提供了足量的旧信息，关于Gregor对Veronica所抱的态度，有以下遣词，如：dictatorial streak, cold assertiveness in his touch，等等。更有甚者，当莱斯和维罗妮卡断绝关系之际，维罗妮卡有一个判断：he did not love her enough to rescue her from Gregor，此言虽然是在讲莱斯，其中一个动词rescue，和盘托出了她和丈夫之间的关系。因此，句中的refused to name的宾语，不可能是无关紧要的所谓“告诉她是些什么聚会”，而应该是complaints（疾病），同时，也与上句的about which Gregor was adamantly mysterious也是文脉相传。

1705052467

1705052468 另外，原句中的adamantly mysterious也值得细品，也具有移就的修辞色彩，整个副词adamantly跟上文的形容词cold, assertiveness等也存在着文意巧妙呼应之关系。

1705052469

1705052470 【改译】他与维罗妮卡之间的隐情，就像未被治疗的传染病在煎熬着他。年复一年，维罗妮卡似乎也因此备受煎熬；她好像从来没有完全从蜂螫中恢复过来。有时她体重下降，形容枯槁；间或她又虚胖超重。有时，她会去医院，对此，格雷戈尔讳莫如深；有些日子，维罗妮卡深居在家，饱受疾患之苦，至于是何种疾患，独自一人出现在派对上的格雷戈尔则绝口不提。莱斯消极而不失浪漫地想象着维罗妮卡可能是一时心志不坚，向格雷戈尔坦白了他们的私情，因而被丈夫软禁；要不然就是失去莱斯的悔恨在噬咬着她娇弱的躯体。她的美丽并没有因为虚弱而消损，反而增添了一种别样的风韵，凄艳而动人。多年的日光浴（那时所有的女人都晒日光浴）之后，维罗妮卡对日光很敏感，整个夏季她脸色一直苍白。三十开外后，牙齿也出了毛病。她定期去正牙和牙周病专家那里诊治，牙科诊所位于在附近一座中型城市的一幢高楼内。莱斯，就在对面的大楼里上班，任职投资顾问。

1705052471

1705052472 Once, he glimpsed her from his window as she reported, preoccupied and solemn in a dark, wide-skirted cloth coat, for treatment across the street. After that, he kept looking out his window for her, mourning the decade they had let slip by while married to other people. Lisa’s outdoor bounce and freckled good nature had become somewhat butch; her hair, like her mother’s, turned gray early. Gregor was rumored to be discontented and having affairs. Les imagined these betrayals as wounds Veronica was enduring, within the silent prison of her marriage. He still saw her at parties, but across the room, and, when he did maneuver close to her, she had little to say. During their affair they had shared, along with sex, concerns about their children, and memories of their parents and upbringings. This sort of innocent exposure of another, eagerly apprehended life figures among the things lovers lose, a flow of blameless confidences that, halted, builds up a pressure.

1705052473

1705052474 【原译】一次，他从窗口瞥见维罗妮卡，她正在街对面的诊所看牙齿，她身着下摆宽大的外套，在黑暗中神态肃穆专注，正向医生说着什么。自从那次以后，他时常探出头搜寻她的身影，想着多年来两人分别有个自己的妻子和丈夫而无缘在一起时，不禁感伤起来。活跃的户外活动以及好动的天性使丽莎趋向男性化；她的发色，就像她母亲的那样，过早的褪成了灰色。传闻中格雷戈尔则对婚姻不满，现在也有了外遇。莱斯设想着与格雷戈尔的婚姻是禁锢维罗妮卡的牢笼，男方的背叛在维罗妮卡心中留下了一道道伤口，她只能默默忍受着伤口带来的伤痛。他仍然看到她出没于各种聚会，但在房间的另一头，当他设计接近她的时候，她话语却少得可怜。记得在他们以往的交往过程中，他们除了一起做爱，还一起分享生活中遇到的点点滴滴，比如谈谈他们各自的孩子，对自己父母以及孩童时代的回忆。恋人间无可厚非的信任，一种双方毫无保留的坦诚，急切希望告知对方在遇到彼此前的点滴往事。这种相互坦诚、相互理解一旦不再继续就会给双方形成压力。

1705052475

1705052476 当然，不得不承认，阅读，尤其是阅读非母语作品，存在许多非理论、非悟性、非语感所能解决的难点。比如上句的freckled good nature，究竟为何意？澳大利亚作家Denise的释义是：

1705052477

1705052478 “Freckled good nature” refers to a “girl next door” quality—friendly, happy, easy going. Freckles are seen to be young, innocent, cute, playful and tom-boyish—not at all sophisticated. This is not an expression as such, but an inventive combination of words (I’ve heard such combinations referred to as “colliding words”)—words the writer has thrown together to create a colorful image in the reader’s mind.

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