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a. They take a break from time to time, appreciating the blossoms and the floating clouds. (15 words)
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b. They stop occasionally to appreciate the blooming and withering of flowers, the rolling and extension of clouds. (17 words)
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c. They would take time off now and then for a look at blooming flowers or fallen petals. They would stop to admire clouds gathering and dispersing. (26 words)
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以上三句译文的字数有明显变化:15→17→26。数字是枯燥的,但是,数字的变化再次向我们暗示了译c汉英表达之微妙区别。从“有的人如游客,不急不慌,走走停停,看花开花落,看云卷云舒”可以看出,句子表达非常疏放随意,一个主语(有的人),便带出了一串谓语。译a和译b,就照这个句型直译。使用一个主语,结果就失却了一份行文的悠闲,文意也未能得以充分的演绎。译c将原句作“一切为二”的处置,They would的重复,构成了Parallelism(平行结构)的对称美,这种形式更好地为其内容(从容自在,潇洒不迫的人生态度)服务。就表层看,译c的take time off now and then for a look at似有累赘之嫌,其实,透出了一种丰满美。尤其是now and then三词,更有一种音韵。从美学角度分析,blooming flowers or fallen petals比blooming and withering of flowers更值得品味,因为withering of flowers远没有fallen petals所蕴涵的美感。
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有的人却总是怡然自得,随遇而安。
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a. However, others are always happy with what they have and where they are.
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b. Others, however, can always satisfy themselves with the confined surroundings.
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c. But others are always contented and happy for they can adapt themselves to different circumstances.
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对比三句译文,译a和b给读者一种“夹生饭”的感觉。对原句没有做到“挖掘惟恐不尽,描写惟恐不周”,尤其是对“随遇而安”的翻译过于简单,草草过场,未能译出或准确译出其中的“随遇”二字。
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比海洋大的是天空,比天空大的是心灵,因为这小小的心灵内住着一只时起时落的想象鸟。
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a. The sky is broader than the ocean and the mind is broader than the sky, for inside the small mind stays a bird of imagination that can fly freely.
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b. What is larger than the ocean is the sky; what is larger than the sky is the heart, because in this small heart lives a bird of imagination that flies up and down.
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c. However, though larger than the ocean is the sky, even larger is the human mind, for in it imagination can come and go on the wing without limitation.
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汉语不太讲究行文的逻辑,往往意合即可,读者能够心领神会,不太计较你是否运用了不必要的Connectives来显示内在的逻辑。原句中的“比海洋大的是天空,比天空大的是心灵”就是一个典型的例子。译a和译b均作直译,简单从事,没有运用必要的Connectives来表达这两句之间的逻辑转折关系。添加Connectives,似乎令行文“繁”了些,但是,这是必需的。译b的What is larger than the ocean is the sky; what is larger than the sky is the heart给人一种生硬艰涩的语感。译c以though和even来粘合两句,英语味便浓郁起来。
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译a和译b不谋而合将“想象鸟”译成了a bird of imagination,值得商榷。
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杨振宁教授曾经高屋建瓴地指出,中国的文化是向模糊、朦胧及总体的方向走,而西方是向准确而具体的方向走。他还说过,中文的表达方式不够准确这一点,假如在写法律是一个缺点的话,写诗却是一个优点。
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汉语读者对“这小小的心灵内住着一只时起时落的想象鸟”不会提出异议,而且还能够欣赏作者的用意。因为,在“模糊、朦胧及总体”中,汉语能够成功传递一种信息,给人一种印象,甚至联想。所谓“想象鸟”就是一种写诗的笔调。这对汉语而言,真是一个强项。
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但是,一旦将“想象鸟”直译成a bird of imagination,问题即刻产生。以英语为母语者会寻思:是否真有此鸟?现实生活中没有此鸟,抑或是中国神话传说中有此鸟儿?因为,讲究准确而具体的西方文化细微、精确,着眼微观,注重客观。
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译c将“这小小的心灵内住着一只时起时落的想象鸟”译成in it imagination can come and go on the wing without limitation,似乎是舍简求繁,实际上,译文不仅通过成语on the wing(在飞行中)挽留了“鸟”的形象,而且由于巧妙添加了介词短语without limitation,这就与前面的议论(though larger than the ocean is the sky, even larger is the human mind)呼应并增强了译文的Cohesion和Coherence。
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大碗喝茶解渴,却说不上茶是怎样的好。
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a. One can get rid of thirst by drinking tea with a bowl but he cannot tell how wonderful the tea is.
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b. To drink a bowl of tea can soon dampen the thirst; however, the fragrance of the tea can hardly be tested.
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c. To drink at a gulp is a quick way to quench thirst, but it gives no taste of the high grade tea.
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汉语,美在以神驭形。所谓“大碗喝茶解渴”,汉语读者能得其神(大口喝茶),而忘其形,并不十分注重“碗”及其之大小。而英语则以形摄神。作为注重逻辑和分析的语言,对形倾注了更多的关注。比如,译a和译b均未能跳出“大碗喝茶解渴”之形,将“碗”如实译出(bowl)。而英语读者则不能从形(bowl)中跳脱出来而得其神(大口喝茶)。因此,英译“大碗喝茶解渴”时,便无须紧扣其形,不如直探其神,而如译c译成To drink at a gulp is a quick way to quench thirst。
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从本质言,将以神驭形的表达转换成以形摄神的表达,也是一种由简入繁的转换。
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