1705053870 文章应当选择合适的语体，恰如其分地展现其承载的风格，这样，才能实现亚里士多德所言的“切题”。但我们也应看到，违反风格有时也是一种高明的修辞手段，它泛见于各类文学作品。让我们始料不及的是，科技英语也不甘“袖手旁观”，喜用违反风格原则的特殊修辞手段。当然，和文学作品相比，科技英语在运用此修辞手段时，有自身的特点，那就是在“破”风格原则时，多见向下破位，即从正式体破位到非正式体。

1705053871

1705053872 在一篇分析豆腐营养的科技文章中，出现如此语体“破位”：

1705053873

1705053874 So long, chicken. Hello! Tofu.

1705053875

1705053876 再见，鸡肉。你好，豆腐！

1705053877

1705053878 一“破”，破出英语行文的生动活泼，破出英语读者的喜闻乐见。破，让逻辑与形象共舞，让缜密与生动携手。

1705053879

1705053880 本文欲通过对“Spaceship of the Future”（by Damon Wright）一文译文的逐段分析，来具体探讨科技英语遣词的三种境界及其翻译对策。

1705053881

1705053882 The furthest we have been is the Moon. If we want to travel into deep space, beyond our own backyard, the Solar System, we will need a new breed of spacecraft.

1705053883

1705053884 我们人类迄今所到过的最远的地方是月球。要想穿越地球的后院——太阳系，进入外层空间，我们需要一种新型的宇宙飞船。

1705053885

1705053886 deep space，乃借来的专业术语。deep＋space一旦成为航天术语，便不能从普通词汇的视角去解释，应译作“外层空间”。

1705053887

1705053888 It may be the oldest cliché in town, but in the not too distant future science fiction will turn into science fact. The fantastic spaceships of sci-fi comic books and novels will no longer be a figment of our creative imagination; they may be the real vision of our future.

1705053889

1705053890 “飞天”，也许是城里人老掉牙的传说。但在不久的将来，这些科幻小说中的故事将化为科学的事实。科幻连环图画杂志和小说中各式各样奇特怪异的宇宙飞船，将不再只是人类创造性的空想，它们有可能成为未来的真实景象。

1705053891

1705053892 cliché者，“陈词滥调”也。在科技文章中出现此词，足显作者纵横的笔力，语体上这一句也极为口语化，特别是其中的may not be so far away。语体向下破格的情况非常显见。译文应尽量保留这种语体破格的口吻：冷冻活人可能不是遥远的事情。

1705053893

1705053894 Engineers and designers are already designing craft capable of propelling us beyond Earth’s orbit, the Moon and the planets. They’re designing interstellar spaceships capable of travel across the vast emptiness of deep space to distant stars and new planets in our unending quest to conquer and discover. Our Universe contains over a billion galaxies, star cities each with a hundred billion inhabitants. Around these stars must exist planets and perhaps life. The temptation to explore these new realms is too great.

1705053895

1705053896 工程师和设计者已在着手进行飞船的设计工作，这种飞船能将人类送离地球轨道以及月球和九大行星以外的太空。他们正在设计能穿越浩瀚的外层空间，到达遥远恒星和带外行星的星际飞船，以帮助人类实现不断征服和揭开宇宙奥秘的追求。整个宇宙拥有十亿多个河外星系，一个河外星系，就是一座星城，每座星城有“居民”上千亿颗。在这些恒星周围必定有行星存在，或许，还有生命存在。探索这些未知的领域实在太具吸引力了。

1705053897

1705053898 上文中的star cities和inhabitants均属浅显形象的表达，系破格遣词。如此遣词，化深为浅，变枯燥为生动，大大增强了表达效果。翻译时，能直译就直译。同时，也应兼顾灵活变通的处理手法。比如，inhabitants直译“居民”即可，但最好添加引号。

1705053899

1705053900 First things first—we’ll have to build either a giant orbiting launch platform, far bigger than the International Space Station (ISS), or a permanently manned lunar base to provide a springboard for the stars. Some planners feel we should limit ourselves to robotic probes, but others are firmly committed to sending humans. “There’s a debate right now about how to explore space,” says astronaut Bill Shepherd, destined to be the first live-aboard Commander of the ISS. “Humans or machines—I think they are complementary.”

1705053901

1705053902 重要的事情先来。我们必须建造一座巨型的轨道发射台，其规模要远大于国际空间站，或者，建造一个长期驻人的月球基地，作为飞往周围恒星的“跳板”。一些设计者认为，我们应控制在机器探测的限度内，而其他设计者则坚决主张将人送入太空。“目前正在就如何探索太空的问题展开辩论，”宇航员比尔·谢泼德如是说。他被任命为国际空间站首任驻站指挥官。“人或机器——我认为两者是相辅相成的。”

1705053903

1705053904 本段的springboard系“转”的典型，使用了名词springboard的转义。springboard的本义是“跳板”。而其转义为“出发平台”（starting platform）。值得考虑的是，翻译时，是保留本义，让读者意会其转移，还是直接译出转义？这是一个非常有趣的问题。看来，不宜一刀切。作者使用springboard的目的是为了简化和形象，译者何乐而不为呢？故将springboard译成“跳板”。

1705053905

1705053906 The human problem

1705053907

1705053908 人类的问题

1705053909

1705053910 Space is the most hostile environment we will ever explore. Even a single five-hour spacewalk requires months of training, and a vast technical backup to keep it safe. The astronauts and cosmonauts who live aboard the ISS will be there for only a few weeks or months; if we want to travel into deep space it could take years. First we’ll have to find out just how long the human body can survive in a weightless environment. In zero gravity, four pints of body fluid rush from the legs to the head where it stays for the duration of the mission. Astronauts often feel as if they have a permanent cold, and disorientation can become a major problem. In space there’s no physical sensation to let you know when you’re upside down and astronauts have to rely on visual clues from their surroundings. A few hours after reaching orbit, one in three of all astronauts will experience space sickness—a feeling rather like carsickness. And weightless conditions lead to calcium being leached from the bones, and problems with the astronauts, immune systems.

1705053911

1705053912 太空是人类探索所进入的最恶劣的环境。即便是一趟五小时的太空行走，也需要数月的强化训练以及庞大的技术支持来确保其安全。居住在国际空间站的宇航员只能在太空中逗留几周或几个月；但假使我们想进入太阳系外的外层空间，则需要呆上数年。首先，我们得确定人体在失重的情况下能坚持多久。在零重力的环境中，有将近四品脱的体液会从肢端涌至头部，并且，这种状况将一直持续到太空任务结束为止。宇航员会像得了永久性感冒一样，搞不清方向将是他们遇到的一个大的问题。在太空中，你无法从生理上感知自己是倒立还是正立着，宇航员只能通过观察周围的环境据以做出推断。在进入轨道后的几小时内，三分之一的宇航员便会出现宇宙病——一种类似晕车的感觉。同时，失重的环境会导致钙质从骨骼中流失，并引起宇航员免疫系统的紊乱。

1705053913

1705053914 hostile（本义：充满敌意的）文学色彩如此浓重的形容词，让读者眼睛一亮！hostile又体现了“转”字，其转义之一是：unfavorable to health and life（不利于健康及生活的），另如a hostile climate（恶劣气候）。和翻译上段的springboard相反，译the most hostile environment中的hostile却不能守其本义，而必须与其转义译之。所以，科技英语中体现“转”的意境的词汇，翻译时到底如何处理，是译其本义，还是译其转义，要应汉语的表达习惯而定，语言的奥妙与魅力，也许就在于此。

1705053915

1705053916 Trillions of rocky fragments—meteoroids—roam our Solar System at speeds of up to 150,000 miles an hour. A meteoroid no bigger than a grain of salt could pierce a spaceship window. Protection from the extreme hazards of space is going to need some clever technology. Space is also full of lethal radiation—X-rays, gamma rays and the high-speed particles called cosmic rays.

1705053917

1705053918 无数岩石块，即流星体，以每小时15万英里的速度漫游在太阳系中。即便是盐粒大小的流星体也足以穿透宇宙飞船的船窗。为了避免太空中隐藏的巨大危险，我们需要一些先进奇巧的技术手段。同时，宇宙中还充满了致命的射线——X射线、γ射线，还有被称为宇宙射线的高速粒子束。

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