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b. Affirmative action and equal opportunity policies made it possible that the academic and employment doors had opened for women. But the pill and power over the timing and frequency of pregnancies made it possible again for women to walk through those doors, Luker said.
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(鼓励雇佣妇女的)积极的措施和机会均等的政策向妇女敞开了学业和就业的大门。但是避孕药及其能控制怀孕的时机和怀孕次数的能力才使得妇女能够步入这些大门,卢克说。
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有比较,才有鉴别。诵读句a,乃一种精神享受,人文亮色和人性美感再次闪现于字里行间。特别是其中的两个动词谓语,用得何等好啊:opened (academic and employment doors for women), allowed (women to walk through those doors)。句b的动词谓语乃made it possible和made it possible again,于是便不构成非人称主语句,虽然同样达意,却风采顿失!由此句可以看出,非人称主语句的关键在于其谓语动词。
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除了所谓人文亮色和人性美感之外,非人称主语句表达得简洁明快,也给我们另一种美感享受。比如,非人称主语句式可以用更简洁的形式表达科技英语中的各种逻辑关系,而将逻辑标记大量省略,轻而易举地变英语的形合句(Hypotaxis)为意合句(Parataxis)。如:
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1)非人称主语句“消化”了条件句:
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a. If we measure seismic travel time and amplitude, we can define the subsurface geometry and give estimates of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.
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b. Seismic measures of travel time and amplitude define the subsurface geometry and give estimates of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.
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如果我们测得地震波的走势和振幅,我们就能够确定地下的几何形状并估算与岩石速率和密度有关的声阻抗。
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2)非人称主语句“消化”了时间状语从句:
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a. Analysis of a damaged material usually requires intuitive judgment followed by real-time testing.
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b. When we are doing an analysis of a damaged material, usually it requires intuitive judgment followed by real-time testing.
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我们在分析破损材料时,通常需要先做直观判断,再做实时检测。
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3)非人称主语句“消化”了因果关系句:
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a. The effectiveness of the electronic computer lies in its great speed and accuracy in calculation.
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b. The effectiveness of the electronic computer is achieved because it has great speed and accuracy in calculation.
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电子计算机之所以效率高,是由于其运算速度快,而且计算准确。
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4)非人称主语句“消化”了让步从句:
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a. Even the dissolution in water cannot enable common salt to change its chemical properties.
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b. Even though we dissolve salt in water, we cannot enable common salt to change its chemical properties.
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即使我们将普通食盐溶于水,也不能改变其化学性质。
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2.3 练达美
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英汉相比,英语多用被动语态,而汉语则少用。这是一个给人启迪的比较:有人称,《水浒传》全书仅用了120个被动句,而以下一段126个单词,含14个谓语动词的英语段落竟然用了13个被动语态:
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As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rocks structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called a “derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are allowed into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If soil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.
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因为石油深埋在地下,靠研究地面,不能确定石油的有无。因此,对地下岩层结构必须进行地质勘探。如果认为某地区的岩层含有石油,就在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井口铁架”。井架用来吊升分节油管,把油管放入由钻头打入的孔中。当孔钻成时,放入钢管防止孔壁坍塌。如发现石油,则在油管顶部紧固地加盖,使石油通过一系列阀门流出。
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为何英语多用被动语态,而汉语则少用被动语态?
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