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a. Analysis of a damaged material usually requires intuitive judgment followed by real-time testing.
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b. When we are doing an analysis of a damaged material, usually it requires intuitive judgment followed by real-time testing.
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我们在分析破损材料时，通常需要先做直观判断，再做实时检测。
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3）非人称主语句“消化”了因果关系句：
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a. The effectiveness of the electronic computer lies in its great speed and accuracy in calculation.
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b. The effectiveness of the electronic computer is achieved because it has great speed and accuracy in calculation.
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电子计算机之所以效率高，是由于其运算速度快，而且计算准确。
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4）非人称主语句“消化”了让步从句：
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a. Even the dissolution in water cannot enable common salt to change its chemical properties.
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b. Even though we dissolve salt in water, we cannot enable common salt to change its chemical properties.
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即使我们将普通食盐溶于水，也不能改变其化学性质。
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2.3 练达美
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英汉相比，英语多用被动语态，而汉语则少用。这是一个给人启迪的比较：有人称，《水浒传》全书仅用了120个被动句，而以下一段126个单词，含14个谓语动词的英语段落竟然用了13个被动语态：
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As oil is found deep in the ground its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface. Consequently, a geological survey of the underground rocks structure must be carried out. If it is thought that the rocks in a certain area contain oil, a “drilling rig” is assembled. The most obvious part of a drilling rig is called a “derrick”. It is used to lift sections of pipe, which are allowed into the hole made by the drill. As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in. If soil is struck a cover is firmly fixed to the top of the pipe and the oil is allowed to escape through a series of valves.
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因为石油深埋在地下，靠研究地面，不能确定石油的有无。因此，对地下岩层结构必须进行地质勘探。如果认为某地区的岩层含有石油，就在该处安装“钻机”。钻机中最显眼的部件叫做“井口铁架”。井架用来吊升分节油管，把油管放入由钻头打入的孔中。当孔钻成时，放入钢管防止孔壁坍塌。如发现石油，则在油管顶部紧固地加盖，使石油通过一系列阀门流出。
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为何英语多用被动语态，而汉语则少用被动语态？
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原因之一也许是：汉语系意合语言，这个“被”字完全可以被“融化”掉。试比较：
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Friction can be reduced and the life of the machine prolonged by lubrication.
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润滑能减少摩擦，延长机器寿命。
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Modern scientific discoveries lead to the conclusion that energy may be created from matter, which in turn, may be created from energy.
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现代科学的发展得出这样的结论：物质可以产生能，能又可以产生物质。
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Although the first synthetic materials were created little more than a hundred years ago, they can now be found almost everywhere.
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虽然首批合成材料仅在100年前才研制出来，但现在人们几乎能到处见到它们。
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原因之二也许是：汉语表达被动的方式比较丰富。如：《史记·越王勾践世家》有云：“飞鸟尽，良弓藏；狡兔死，走狗烹。”其中，“良弓藏”与“走狗烹”，即没有出现“被”字的被动句式。另如：“门上锁了”，含义自明，无须加“被”字。
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此外，汉语被动句的应用范围也渐渐扩大了，而且，被动的标志已从“被”字扩散开来——“给”、“遭”、“受”、“由”、“让”、“叫”等等。即使是写明施动者的英语被动句在译成汉语被动句时，作为被动标记的“被”字也未必出现，这个“被”字，被意合给合掉了。
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