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a 指远处或远时的单数事物。
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Health is more valuable than money; this brings less happiness than that.
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健康比金钱更有价值；后者不如前者带来那么多幸福。
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b 指上文已提到的情况，同this。如果that 和this同时出现，则that指前一个事物，this指后一个事物。
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Put your eggs in one basket, and watch the basket. That’s how to make money.
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把鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里，然后盯住篮子。这就是赚钱的方式。
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You have to believe in yourself. That’s the secret of success.
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必须相信自己，这就是成功的秘诀。
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c 为避免重复，代替前面出现过的单数名词或不可数名词，并且that之后要有修饰语。
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Certainly, your influence on your family members is greater than that on the strangers you meet.
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当然，你对家人的影响比对遇见的陌生人的影响大。（that指代your influence）
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The darkest hour is that before the dawn.
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最黑暗的时候是黎明前。（that指代the hour）
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A person’s destiny is closely tied up with that of the whole nation.
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一个人的命运与整个国家的命运紧密相联。（that指代the destiny）
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4.4.3 these
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指近处或近时的复数事物。
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These school reports I’m reading are very useful for measuring the students progress over the last semester. Every pupil is capable of improvement.
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我正在阅读的这些成绩单对于衡量学生在上学期的进步很有帮助。每个学生都能进步。
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4.4.4 those
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a 指远处或远时的复数事物。
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Those hills on the horizon were a sign to the travelers that they were reaching the end of their journey.
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地平线上的那些山对旅行者而言是到达旅程终点的标志。
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Those were the days, my friends. We thought they would never end.
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那些就是往昔的日子，朋友们。我们原以为它们从未结束。
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