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contaminate［kən’tæmineit］v. 污染
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例句 1. The poisoned insects and contaminated water will kill the birds, and even if pesticides do not make birds die outright, they can prevent them from reproducing. 有毒的虫子和受污染的水都会导致鸟的死亡，而且即使杀虫剂不会立即致死，也会阻止它们的繁殖。
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2. The pollutant will be limited into a low level so that they can not contaminate the environment. 这些污染物将被限制在一个较低的水平，这样便无法污染环境。
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3. These raw materials are too seriously contaminated with lead to be used. 这些原材料受到了严重的铅污染，因此无法继续使用。
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contemporary［kən’tempəreri］a. 当代的；同时代的 n. 同代人
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例句 1. A report said that youth suicide is a very serious contemporary social problem, and the main reason is the lack of concern and love. 一份报道称青年人自杀是一个严重的当代社会问题，其主要原因是缺乏关爱。
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2. In the current culture, there are many forms of expression except for novels and poems, and some of these forms tend to be more direct when talking about the issues that contemporary people are concerned with. 在当今的文化中，除了小说和诗歌以外还有许多其他的表达方式，而其中的一些方式在谈论当代人所关注的问题时通常更加直接。
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3. She imitates other contemporary authors’ styles. 她模仿了其他当代作者的风格。
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contend［kən’tend］v. 与对手竞争；主张
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例句 This theory contends that the structures were utilized to store food supplies. 这个理论主张这一结构是用来存储供给的食物的。
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要点 除了常用的argue以外，还可以用contend表示“主张”，这个词也含有“争论”的意思。
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contribute［kən’tribju
:t］v. 贡献；捐赠；有助于
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例句 1. The Internet can be seen as a huge base of knowledge that contributes to the educational system. 互联网可以看做一个巨大的知识储备，能够对教育体系有所帮助。
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2. I think it was the social environment that contributed to the development of bebop music. 我认为是社会环境成就了比波普爵士乐的发展。
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同义 donate（v. 捐赠）；promote（v. 有助于）
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派生 contributor（n. 贡献者）
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要点 promote也可以表达“对…有帮助”的含义，偏重于“促进”，如：These factors promote the economic growth.
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criterion［krai’tiriən］n. 标准
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例句 1. It is highly appraised for its fastness and durability, which are basic criterion for products. 这一商品因不褪色和持久耐用而得到了高度的评价，而这正是评价商品优劣的基本标准。
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2. There is an old saying that goes
:“Practice is the only criterion of inspecting the truth.”有句老话是这样说的：“实践是检验真理的唯一标准。”
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同义 standard（n. 标准）
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dam［dæm］n. 坝 v. 筑堤挡住；控制
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例句 Infrastructure improvements such as a constructing irrigation dams in the mountains may likely be protested by the local residents who live there due to cultural factors. 出于文化因素，在山中修建灌溉大坝这样的基础设施建设可能会被居住在当地的居民抗议。
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dedicate［‘dedikeit］v.（使）致力于；题献词于（著作等）上
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例句 1. He is willing to dedicate his time, energy and knowledge to reach their mutual goal. 他愿意贡献自己的时间、精力和知识以达成他们共同的目标。
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