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读(read, read, read),写(write, wrote, written),画(draw, drew, drawn);
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跑(run, ran, run),游(swim, swam, swum),唱(sing, sang, sung);
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吃(eat, ate, eaten),喝(drink, drank, drunk);
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扔(throw, threw, thrown),接(catch, caught, caught);
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给(give, gave, given),拿(take, took, taken),带(bring, brought, brought);
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放(put, put, put),做(make, made, made);
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来(come, came, come),去(go, went, gone);
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打(hit, hit, hit),切(cut, cut, cut);
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买(buy, bought, bought),卖(sell, sold, sold);
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得(get, get, get),失(lose, lost, lost)。
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当然还少不了三个最特殊的动词do, have, be的各种变化形式。
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Grabowski和Mindt在对730万个单词的朗文英语词库进行频率统计后发现,在全部出现的334000次的动词中,总共有4400个不同的动词,其中只有160个是不规则动词,只占全部动词的3.6%,但不规则动词却占了高达58%的出现概率。
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Eva Grabowski and Dieter Mindt,规则与不规则动词的绝对频率和相对频率
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而这160个不规则动词中,前100个的使用频率最高,达到了全部不规则动词出现概率的97.8%。而排在前50名的不规则动词,则占全部不规则动词出现概率的87%。这样计算下来,50个最高频的不规则动词,覆盖了平时碰到的50%的动词(57.7%X87%=50.2%)。简单地说,就是平时听或读自然英语中所碰到的所有动词中,数一下有一半都是这50个不规则动词。可见少数不规则动词使用频率之高,“不规则”反而成了最常见的“潜规则”。
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这50个不规则动词按出现频率从高到低是(be, have, do这三个特殊的词没有计入):
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say, make, go, take, come, see, know, get, give, find, think, tell, become, show, leave, feel, put, bring, begin, keep, hold, write, stand, hear, let, mean, set, meet, run, pay, sit, speak, lie, lead, read, grow, lose, fall, send, build, understand, draw, break, spend, cut, rise, drive, buy, wear, choose
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顺便提一下排在前50名的规则动词,它们是:
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want, use, work, call, try, ask, need, seem, help, play, move, live, believe, happen, include, continue, change, watch, follow, stop, create, open, walk, offer, remember, consider, appear, serve, die, stay, reach, kill, raise, pass, decide, return, explain, hope, develop, carry, receive, agree, support, produce, cover, cause, close, increase, represent, reduce
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这些规则动词除了前几个可以跟不规则动词的使用频度相提并论外,大部分出现概率远比前50个不规则动词低。
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初期阶段单词学习的一个难点,刚好是这些词汇变化的不规则性。名词复数和形容词比较级中的不规则变化尽管数量不多,却几乎全是出现在最高频使用的词汇中,比如:
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●man men;woman women;child children;fish fish;sheep sheep;good better best;bad worse worst
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●many/much more most;little less least
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为什么在高频的基础词中会出现大量不规则的成分?原因之一还是省力原则的作用。高频使用的不规则动词有几个特点:
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