1705130557 A scientific paper presenting his findings was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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1705130559 Ashley Thompson wrote it for VOA Learning English.December,2014

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1705130561 上面一段中，各种与核心主题相关的词汇连接和与生词的搭配都出现在什么地方呢？

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1705130565 ●earthquakes take place strong/strength difficult to predict inevitable

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1705130567 ●measured by instruments global positioning system（GPS）

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1705130569 ●geologist studies rocks and soil slow slip fault rupture

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1705130571 ●earth’s crust outmost surface tectonic plates sliding under one another

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1705130573 ●movements be felt large deadly earthquakes tsunami

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1705130575 ●scientific paper presenting his findings published in

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1705130577 还有几个俗语：more-or-less;letting off steam;so to speak

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1705130579 最理想的学习状态，是使用多个具有同样主题内容的材料，让同样的词汇和词汇搭配以稍微不同的形式再次出现，这样会令印象更加深刻。我们再找一篇《美国地理调查》网站上的地震灾害项目专题，其中有很多对儿童和青少年进行科普的文章。比如下面这篇文章：

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1705130583 The Science of Earthquakes

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1705130585 What is an earthquake?

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1705130587 An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past one another. The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.Thelocation below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the hypocenter, and the location directly above it on the surface of the earth is called the epicenter.

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1705130589 Sometimes an earthquake has foreshocks. These are smaller earthquakes that happen in the same place as the larger earthquake that follows.Scientists can’t tell that an earthquake is a foreshock until the larger earthquake happens.The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshock.Mainshocks always have aftershocks that follow.These are smaller earthquakes that occur afterwards in the same place as the mainshock.Depending on the size of the mainshock, aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, and even years after the mainshock！

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1705130591 The earth has four major layers：the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust. The crust and the top of the mantle make up a thin skin on the surface of our planet.But this skin is not all in one piece—it is made up of many pieces like a puzzle covering the surface of the earth.Not only that, but these puzzle pieces keep slowly moving around, sliding past one another and bumping into each other.We call these puzzle pieces tectonic plates, and the edges of the plates are called the plate boundaries.The plate boundaries are made up of many faults, and most of the earthquakes around the world occur on these faults.Since the edges of the plates are rough, they get stuck while the rest of the plate keeps moving.Finally, when the plate has moved far enough, the edges unstick on one of the faults and there is an earthquake.

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1705130593 While the edges of faults are stuck together, and the rest of the block is moving, the energy that would normally cause the blocks to slide past one another is being stored up. When the force of the moving blocks finally overcomes the friction of the jagged edges of the fault and it unsticks, all that stored up energy is released.The energy radiates outward from the fault in all directions in the form of seismic waves like ripples on a pond.The seismic waves shake the earth as they move through it, and when the waves reach the earth’s surface, they shake the ground and anything on it, like our houses and us！

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1705130595 Written by Lisa Wald for USGS Earth Hardards Program（以上内容为开放版权）

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1705130597 这一篇和前一篇难度相近，叙述风格稍有不同，但同样以地震为主题。前面一篇里接触到的一些生词和词汇搭配，在后一篇里以不同的形式重复出现，与原来相关却又以类似或全新的方式进行搭配组合，一些生词和概念从文字背景中得到进一步的解释和应用，从而让我们的词汇学习得到强化。当经过几篇相关内容的学习后，我们就会对相关的生词有很高的了解度，熟悉的文字背景会让我们对这些生词的出现方式和使用特点有深刻的认识，真正做到对单词的全面掌握。所以我们可以以前一篇的学习为主，找一些后面这种文章作为辅助和补充。

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1705130599 对大量具有鲜明主题的内容进行学习，有助于我们了解某个单词在各种背景下出现的概率高低，还能帮助提高我们对词义理解的速度和准确度。语言学家举了这样的一个有趣的例子，解释了我们听到多义词的一刹那会如何选择其恰当的含义。使用的多义词是save,这个单词有“拯救”和“节省”两种主要的不同意思。那么当听到这个词的时候，我们的大脑会怎样处置这种多含义的情况呢？实验结果表明，当听到”The shopper saved…“这半句话的时候，由于对购物主题中经常出现的词汇了解，听的人已经能根据购物者（shopper）这个词的引导作用，迅速意识到save的含义是“节省”，即“购物者省了……钱”。但如果段落前交代了商场正发生火灾，这时听到”The shopper saved…“的时候，对“灾难”主题中常用词的认识，会让人马上就能意识到save是“拯救”的意思，即“这名顾客救了……人”，尽管前面“顾客”一词与“省钱”的搭配更常见（McRae et al.，1998）。两句话中save这个动词都是在还没有等到宾语出现，就被听的人确定了正确含义，这说明人在头脑中对词汇的理解是根据前面文字的背景含义“实时更新”的，而这一能力的培养也正是依靠对这个词汇的全方位输入，即其在不同背景下以不同的含义出现在多种句式中的情况，比如火灾中救人场景的词汇与saved搭配，买东西节省钱与saved的共同出现等，而不是因为背诵过这个单词的不同词义，然后在听到save这个词后去思考如果从它的两种含义中进行选择。又比如下面这个例子：“She is approaching the bank.“其中bank这个词也是多义的，单纯从这句话中是很难判断到底是“银行”还是“岸边”的意思。但在实际语境中，这句话是不会出现在段落或对话的最开始的。而在这句话出现前，它的背景，显然会早已交代清楚她现在正在陆地上还是正在船上了，当然也就能立即准确地理解bank的含义了。听者头脑中甚至根本没有意识到这个词还有另外的含义，更不会去花时间在几个不同含义中思考、分析或选择。但如果我们学习这个单词时只是一口气背下这个单词的多种含义，在实际使用中不是通过背景信息去预估，而是回忆这个单词各种不同的含义解释，那么在实际语言交流应用中就很容易出现纠结或理解错误。况且一个单词的多种含义，如果不是在文字背景中去掌握，是非常容易遗忘的。比如初中英语单词trunk,有很多不相关的含义：汽车后备箱，树的干，人的躯体，大象的鼻子。大部分同学恐怕都忘记早已学过的这个单词有这么多含义了吧。

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1705130601 对大量具有鲜明主题的内容进行学习，有助于我们了解某个单词在各种背景下出现的概率高低，还有助于提高我们对词义理解的速度和准确度。

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1705130603 人在头脑中对词汇的理解是根据前面文字的背景含义“实时更新”的，而这一能力的培养也正是依靠对这个词汇的全方位输入，即其在不同背景下以不同的含义出现在多种句式中的情况。

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