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Debaters need to prepare for a wide variety of adjudicators, all of whom have been engaged to listen to arguments and determine a decision. Although the role of adjudicator is critical to debate situations in need of outside assistance, each adjudicator brings different perspectives and skills to the role, just as each debater brings different perspectives and skills. Human beings differ, so adjudicators also will differ. An excellent debater may spend years learning nuances and complexities of fitting an argument to an audience or adjudicator. If the adjudicator decides against the debater, the debater can learn a great deal by discussing that decision with the adjudicator.
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If the debater is arguing to the adjudicator that he or she should have made a different decision, the debater may benefit from reviewing the debate process. The debater holds the responsibility to make arguments that persuade the audience or adjudicator to their point of view. If the adjudicator does not come to the same conclusion as the debater, the debater has not succeeded in his or her efforts. At that point, the debater can interview the adjudicator to listen to their reasons for their decision; from that conversation the debater can learn more about the art of persuasion.
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2.3.5 Champion Clashes of Ideas and Eschew Personal Attacks
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Partnered with the attitude of respect is the intent to engage the debate by confronting opposing ideas rather than confronting other speakers as opponents. Debaters can strive to determine the most critical ideas that emerge as the debate proceeds and then clarify the points where opposing ideas clash. Having identified the clash, debaters can expand the conversation by presenting reasoning and arguments that privilege one position over the other.
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Problems caused by lack of respect arise when the debater turns away from the clash of ideas and attacks the speaker instead. Name calling is one form of disrespect: “Only a complete radical could make such an argument.” Another form of personal attack derides a person’s credibility
:“Your argument demonstrates your complete ignorance about this subject.”
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In advertising, political arenas, and personal situations and sometimes in formal debates, the conflict of ideas can deteriorate into personal attacks and character assaults of these kinds. A common response to a personal attack is to react with another personal attack. Ethical debaters learn to deflect such attacks, ignore them, or use their time to more fully develop their discussions regarding the clash of ideas, emphasizing, of course, their own reasons for preferring their positions rather than other positions.
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Students who encounter personal attacks during debates during intercollegiate debate tournaments can use those opportunities to improve their skills at derailing personal assaults and returning the debate to the critical issues. Since the higher purpose of debate involves nonviolently finding reasoned ways to ameliorate contentious social problems, ethical debaters need to develop a repertoire of skills for disconnecting the lure of devolving into personal grievances toward refocusing on the social need being addressed by the debate.
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2.3.6 Engage the Clash of Ideas Toward Creating the Most Elevated, Comprehensive, and Well Reasoned Arguments
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Simply engaging a clash of ideas does not fulfill the best qualities of debate; engaging a clash that engages the most critical, most meaningful, and most difficult points of clash marks an excellent debate. After such a debate, audiences and adjudicators—as well as debaters themselves—can walk away with better understandings of the issues, of the various positions regarding the issues, of possible responses to or policy changes regarding those issues, and perhaps even new ideas about how to engage this social need.
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An ethical debater strives to use debate to achieve these ends. Achieving skills to accomplish an excellent debate takes years of practice, dedication to excellence, a strong ethical code to guide the art of debate, and a deep understanding of what such achievement can mean for a world struggling with cultural differences, political powers, religious diversity, and economic disparity.
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2.3.7 Debate as a Global Citizen, Active and Participatory, Toward Generatively Embracing Vital Issues
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Global citizens work alongside other citizens with the intent to live a good life and provide a good life for others. Debate provides one of very few avenues for healthy, productive, and generative reactions to the myriad conflicts that must arise in the burgeoning mass of humans living together on the earth. Excellent debate, ethical debate, helps illuminate the points of conflict among such a throng of people, allows for people to voice their positions and perspectives, and also promotes a clear side-by-side picture of how different people experience and think about different problems. As a tool for human development, debate offers possibilities for people to use intellect and speech rather than violence and weapons as ways to progress through differences.
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Ethical debaters generate growth and development, understanding themselves as citizens of the world whose actions and interactive participation with one another can proceed with reasoning and thoughtfulness. Ethical debaters grow an authentic value for reasoned debate that seeks to include multiple voices in an intelligent, spirited, and active exploration of the best human responses to contention in local and global issues. As these debaters conduct themselves within their code of ethics, they emerge as vital forces toward developing a just, responsible, and sustainable world.
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2.4 Summary
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To debate well means to debate ethically. Philosophers from both China and the United States write about the importance of using morality and good conduct in debate and in speaking. Debaters should choose their behaviors both at debate tournaments and in debate activities and develop a code of ethics to improve their debate demeanor.
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Ethics in debate involve issues of use of evidence, reasoning, and arguments. However, the more complicated issues arise from conflict between the goal of winning a debate (sometimes at any cost) and the goal of authentically addressing a social need through reasoned interaction. Students can strengthen their ethical themes through thoughtful discussion and individual case contemplation. Debaters can expect to improve their ethical positions through experience and mastery of skill.
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Choices about arguments and reasoning patterns also confront choices between winning at all costs or accomplishing a thoughtful and useful debate. “True” statements do not necessarily constitute ethical statements because speakers can selectively sort through evidence to persuade an audience through implication. Ethical debaters use a high standard of an elevated, straightforward clash of ideas as the guide to ethical use of argument and reasoning.
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Establishing mutual equality entails working with a variety of team members, listening to speakers who present opposing ideas, and taking notes efficiently. Ethical debaters also will strive to demonstrate respect in word, manner, and action. Respect accorded to adjudicators does not preclude debaters from conversing closely with them about decisions. Results of these conversations can provide debaters with new and useful information about argument and reasoning choices in like situations.
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Ethical debaters seek a clash of ideas in the debate, not a clash of personalities. Working to investigate those clashes at the most critical points of the conflict generates useful and provocative debates. Students can use periodic debate tournaments to grow, hone, and practice their ethical skills. As a global citizen faced with the predictable conflicts that will arise from the diversity of people inhabiting the earth, an ethical debater will operate as vital force toward finding means to avoid violence as a solution to those conflicts, working toward dealing with contradictions through thoughtful means.
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一场好的辩论必须要恪守道德的原则。中美两国的哲学家都强调过道德和正义在辩论与演讲中的重要性。辩手们不管是在比赛还是训练中，都要注意自己的言行，培养道德准则，从而提高辩论的水平。
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辩论中的道德问题涉及到论据的使用以及推理和论证的过程。然而，赢得辩论（有时不惜任何代价）和通过理性互动解决社会需求这两个不同目标产生的冲突会导致问题复杂化。辩手们可以在深入讨论和个案思考中更加坚定自己的道德立场，在积累辩论经验和技巧的同时提高自己的道德水平。
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在选择论证和推理模式时，也常常需要在不计代价地获得胜利和成就深入实用的辩论间做出抉择。“真实”的论点不一定是道德的，因为辩手可以选择性地整理、组织论据，从而引导并最终说服观众。道德的辩手以高尚的、道德的思想交锋这一高标准要求自己，并以此指导道德的论证和推理。
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建立辩手之间相互平等的关系，需要辩手们与不同的队友合作，听取不同意见，甚至高效地记录下来。道德的辩手们在语言和肢体动作上尽力展现自己的尊重。要尊重裁判，但这并不妨碍辩手和裁判就辩论结果进行交流。这些交流将给辩手提供新鲜有用的信息，使其今后在类似场合得以合理选择论证和推理方式。
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