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· Relate observed or experienced episodes of disagreement between debaters and adjudicators, episodes that generated difficulty. How might respect be shown in those circumstances?
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· Is everyone a global citizen? Why would it be important for a debater to position himself or herself as a global citizen? What if the issue were a local issue? Are local issues related to global issues? Global issues to local issues?
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· What problems arise if debaters choose to be unethical or not as ethical as they could be? How would these actions function in everyday life after college?
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 3Concepts Fundamental to Debating
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Robert Trapp
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Chapter Outline
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3.1 Two Sets of Related Concepts
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3.2 Components of Arguments
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3.3 Kinds of Claims
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3.4 Claims and Supporting Material
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3.5 Principles and Consequences as Means of Evaluation
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3.6 Summary
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3.7 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 3
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3.8 Discussion Questions for Chapter 3
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Students and teachers of debate need to have a common understanding of concepts that are central to debate. Some concepts have common meanings used in ordinary language and others do not. The following sections are intended to ensure that all readers of this text share a common understanding of some of the most important concepts.
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3.1 Two Sets of Related Concepts
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A clear understanding of key concepts is necessary prior to a more in-depth discussion of the general process of debating. Sometimes people use terms and concepts loosely and such lax use of those terms leaves debaters and judges alike confused.
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Persuasion and debate are two of the most important concepts that need to be defined. These two constitute the first of the two sets of related concepts. The second set of concepts includes arguments and argumentation.
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3.1.1 Persuasion and Debate
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Persuasion and debate have much in common yet they are different in certain ways. Persuasion is a symbolic process that people use to convince others to change their position (or sometimes to reinforce their own current position) about some issue, idea, or action. Debate is a process in which at least two persons who are engaged in some kind of a conflict over ideas or actions use persuasion to try to resolve their disagreement.
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Persuasion is the broader of these two related concepts. All persuasion does not include debate but all debate involves persuasion. Consider for instance, the case of a corporation advertising a product to the general public. Apple, for example, tries to convince consumers to purchase the iPhone, the iPod, or a Macintosh computer. Such an advertising campaign is clearly an example of persuasion, but hardly can be considered a debate. On the other hand, if a lawyer tries to convince a judge that her client is not guilty of a crime, the lawyer is directly engaged with another lawyer in a conflict of ideas and thus the two lawyers are in a debate. These two lawyers are trying to persuade the judge to resolve the disagreement (guilty or not guilty) in their favor. So, persuasion sometimes, but not always includes what is called debate but sometimes includes symbolic acts that are not in the category of debate.
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