1705133370

1705133371 Thus, arguments of evaluation can be constructed by using consequences or by using principles. A simple example can be used to illustrate the difference between those two methods of constructing arguments to evaluate an action. A variety of arguments can be constructed to urge college students not to cheat on exams. For instance, one might argue, “Cheating on exams violates the fundamental principle of honesty.” In that case, a duty not to cheat is invoked as a fundamental principle. Regardless of whether or not cheating has positive or negative consequences for the student, cheating should not be condoned because it violates a universal principle. On the other hand, one might argue, “Cheating on exams puts a student at risk of being expelled from college.” This argument appeals to the negative consequences of cheating, not to a fundamental or universal principle. In that case, as in others, principles and consequences lead to the same conclusion: Cheating is an inappropriate action. But the arguments differ and flow from different philosophical bases.

1705133372

1705133373 Depending on the arguments put forward, arguments and principles sometimes lead to different evaluative conclusions. For instance, if someone argued that a student sometimes should cheat because to do otherwise would risk the student’s educational record and ultimately the student’s employment prospects, such an argument would be based on the positive consequences of cheating.5 That consequential argument would stand in contrast to the earlier argument based on the principle of honesty. The consequential argument supports cheating, while the principled argument condemns cheating. The point is not that one type of argument usually points in one direction while the other type points in a different direction. The point is that these are different methods of making evaluative arguments.

1705133374

1705133375 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132329]

1705133376 3.6 Summary

1705133377

1705133378 This chapter has introduced the concepts of argumentation, arguments, and debate. Argumentation is a process of persuasion in which arguments are presented to persuade a judge or an audience.

1705133379

1705133380 Thus, arguments are particular claims, along with their support, that are used to persuade a judge or audience to adopt a particular point of view or to maintain and reinforce the current point of view. Arguments are the fundamental tool used in debate to accomplish this process of persuasion.

1705133381

1705133382 This chapter noted that an argument consists of four elements, but it focused on only two of them: claim and supporting material. Claims can be divided into four types (definitions, descriptions, associations, and evaluations) and this chapter focused on claims of evaluation because they are the most interesting and the most common in debates. A variety of different kinds of supporting material are available to debaters, including evidence, explanation, analogy, and other claims. In particular, claims of description and association can be used to support claims of evaluation.

1705133383

1705133384 Finally, this chapter introduced two different methods of arguing for or against a claim of evaluation. Those methods are principles and consequences. Principles and consequences frequently lead to the same evaluative conclusions, but they are different from each other in important argumentative ways.

1705133385

1705133386 The terms and concepts introduced in this chapter are important to students who are preparing to study and practice the principles of debate. The second part of this text will focus specifically on Worlds-Style debate and will use the concepts of argumentation, arguments, claims, support, principles and consequences to illustrate how this or other types of debate function.

1705133387

1705133388 这一章节介绍了议论、论证以及辩论的概念。议论是一个说服人的过程，辩手在这个过程中通过论证来说服评委或观众。论证由论点及论据组成，用于说服评委或观众接受一种特定的观点，或是维持、巩固当下持有的观点。论证是在辩论中用来说服他人的基本工具。

1705133389

1705133390 这一章节表明了，一个论证由四个元素组成，但本章仅重点介绍其中两个：论点和支撑该论点的论据。中心论点可以被分为四种类型（定义型、描述型、关联型和评价型），这一章节主要讲解的是评价型的论点，因为这种论点最为有趣，在辩论中也最常见。辩手可以采用不同类型的论据来支撑自己的论点，比如证据、解析、类比以及其他论点等。值得注意的是，描述型和关联型论点可以用来支撑评价型论点。

1705133391

1705133392 最后，本章节为支持或反对评价型论点介绍了两种不同的辩论方法，分别是原则法和结果法。很多时候，原则法和结果法会得到相同的结论，但它们论证方式不同。

1705133393

1705133394 本章节中介绍的术语和概念对准备学习实践辩论规则的学生而言非常重要。本文第二部分会具体介绍英国议会制辩论，其中会用议论、论证、论点、论据、原则法和结果法的概念来说明这一类型以及其他类型的辩论是如何进行的。

1705133395

1705133396 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132330]

1705133397 3.7 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 3

1705133398

1705133399 Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:

1705133400

1705133401 · Debate

1705133402

1705133403 · Persuasion

1705133404

1705133405 · Argumentation

1705133406

1705133407 · Arguments

1705133408

1705133409 · Support for an argument

1705133410

1705133411 · Four kinds of claims

1705133412

1705133413 · Principles

1705133414

1705133415 · Consequences

1705133416

1705133417 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132331]

1705133418 3.8 Discussion Questions for Chapter 3

1705133419

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.70513337e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]