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1705134472 Another common method of arguing against a value motion is to associate the object of evaluation with some value or principle. Consider a motion stating that the “execution of Yao Jiaxin was just.” Yao Jiaxin, a wealthy young Chinese man, was involved in an intentional homicide resulting from a traffic accident. After Yao struck the person with his automobile, he then got out of the automobile, killed her with a knife, and later was executed for that crime. In some circles, the execution of Yao was controversial because he was from a wealthy, prominent family. The execution might be supportable as just by appealing to the principle of the rule of law. A well-known commentator in the Chinese media, Li Qianfan (2011), wrote: “In a country guided by the rule of law… What I really hope to see is not the death of Yao Jiaxin, but the legal system being able to provide protection to the people.” Thus, the motion could be opposed by appealing to the principle of the rule of law.

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1705134474 This section has been devoted to explaining some common kinds of arguments that might be made by debaters opposing a motion. It begins by explaining arguments relevant to the Leader of Opposition. The speech of the Leader of Opposition should contain an introduction, a statement of the Opposition side’s stance toward the motion, arguments opposing the First Government Team’s motion, and a conclusion. The speech is an especially important one because it will set the direction for both Opposition Teams. The section also explained the role of the Deputy Leader of Opposition showing how that person’s role is similar to the role of the Deputy Prime Minister. Both of those speeches involve refutation of the arguments of the previous speaker, rebuilding of the arguments of his or her colleague, and the construction of another argument to support his or her side in the debate.

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1705134476 This chapter focused on constructing arguments to support and to oppose a motion attending primarily, but not exclusively, on the speeches made by the First Government and First Opposition Teams. Those speeches constitute the first half of the debate, sometimes referred to as the “top of the House.” The speeches made by the Second Government and Second Opposition Team constitute the second half of the debate, which is referred to as the “bottom of the House.” The next section will focus on constructive arguments presented in the second half of the debate.

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1705134478 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132382]

1705134479 7.4 Summary

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1705134481 The purpose of this chapter is to explain arguments and strategies useful to the First Opposition Team. The two members of this team have distinct responsibilities. The Leader of Opposition should first provide a clear statement of the Opposition stance in the debate. Second, the Leader of Opposition should refute the important arguments made by the Prime Minister. Finally, the Leader of Opposition should construct and present at least one independent argument against the position advocated by the Prime Minister. The second and third responsibilities, refutation and argument construction, are both important, but need not be presented in that order. In some cases, a debater may want to present a new argument and then turn to refutation, while in other cases, the debater may want to conduct refutation prior to the construction of a new argument.

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1705134483 The Deputy Leader of Opposition needs to advance the refutation offered by the Leader of Opposition, and also needs to refute any new arguments presented by the Deputy Prime Minister. Also, the Deputy Leader of Opposition needs to add at least one new argument to the overall position advanced by the First Opposition Team. By following those responsibilities, the two members of the First Opposition Team will be seen as acting in concert with one another—as a team rather than as two independent speakers.

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1705134485 本章旨在介绍一些对于反方上院有所帮助的论证方式和策略。反方上院中的两名成员各有各的职责。就反对党党魁而言，应该首先表明自己队伍的立场，然后反驳首相之前提出的重要论点，并且至少提出一个自己的论点，用以反对首相的观点。反驳和立论尽管都很重要，其顺序并没有一定之规。有些辩手会先论证己方观点再进行反驳，而在有些情况下，这一顺序则会颠倒。

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1705134487 反对党副党魁则需要进一步阐述党魁的驳论并且反驳副首相提出的新论点。除此之外，副党魁至少要提出一个新论点来支持己方立场。通过遵守这些职责，反方上院的两名成员可以彼此配合，相辅相成，发挥出团队的力量而不仅仅是作为两个独立的辩手单打独斗。

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1705134489 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132383]

1705134490 7.5 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 7

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1705134492 Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:

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1705134494 · Opposition stance in a policy

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1705134496 · Supporting the status quo

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1705134498 · Supporting the status quo with minor repairs

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1705134500 · Supporting a counter proposal

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1705134502 · Opposition stance in a value debate

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1705134504 · Principled arguments against a policy proposal

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1705134506 · Arguments suggesting that the proposed model will not solve the problem

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1705134508 · Arguments suggesting that the proposed model will create greater problems

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1705134510 · Arguments of consequence regarding a value motion

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1705134512 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132384]

1705134513 7.6 Discussion Questions for Chapter 7

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1705134515 · Why is an Opposition stance an important part of the overall strategy for the First Opposition Team?

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1705134517 · What is the difference in defending the present course of action with minor changes and defending a counter proposal?

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1705134519 · Describe the common kinds of Opposition arguments?

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