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1705134530 · Exercise 2:

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1705134532 Present a sample Prime Minister speech to a group of debaters who are divided into teams of two persons each. After they listen to the Prime Minister’s speech, give them 15 minutes to discuss the speech and, following the “common kinds of Opposition arguments” to create at least three different kinds of arguments in response to the speech.

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1705134539 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132386]

1705134540 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 8Extending the Debate in Member Speeches

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1705134542 Robert Trapp and Teresa Green

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1705134544 Chapter Outline

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1705134546 8.1 Refuting Arguments in Member Speeches

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1705134548 8.2 Extending Arguments

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1705134550 8.3 Using Preparation Time to Prepare for Member Speeches

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1705134552 8.4 Summary

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1705134554 8.5 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 8

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1705134556 8.6 Discussion Questions for Chapter 8

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1705134558 8.7 Exercises for Chapter 8

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1705134560 The first half of the debate ends with the speeches of the Deputy Prime Minister and the Deputy Leader of Opposition. The second half of the debate begins with Member Speeches—Member of Government and Member of Opposition. Those speakers have dual responsibilities: First, they need to exhibit loyalty to their colleagues in the Upper House (first half of the debate); and second, they need to move the debate forward. Each debater in the first half of the debate, Government and Opposition, has advanced a limited number of arguments. Now the Member of Government and the Member of Opposition have the opportunity to expand the number and kind of arguments in the debate. If the debate were to continue for eight speeches with only the arguments introduced by the Upper House, the debate might be stale or boring by the end. In moving the debate forward by introducing new arguments, the Member of Government and Member of Opposition have the opportunity to breath new life into the debate.

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1705134564 The Member of Government and the Member of Opposition have responsibilities for refutation as well as for argument construction. The first responsibility of the Member of Government and Member of Opposition speakers is to engage in refutation of the case presented by the opening teams on the opposing side. The process of refutation will be discussed more fully in Chapter 10. Both member speakers also are responsible for argument construction in ways that differ from those of the speakers on the opening teams. The Member of Government and Member of Opposition speakers are responsible to construct arguments in a way that moves the debate forward by extending arguments. The next sections of this chapter will discuss the concepts of refuting and extending arguments.

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1705134566 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132387]

1705134567 8.1 Refuting Arguments in Member Speeches

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1705134569 As stated earlier, both the Member of Government and Member of Opposition are obliged, at least in a general manner, to continue the refutation of the arguments introduced by the Government and Opposition teams in the first half of the debate. The amount of time devoted to this obligation is minimal because the primary difference in the second half of the debate is to move the debate forward into a new series of arguments. Thus, the Member speakers should focus only on the most important points of refutation with regard to the first half of the debate, and should focus their refutation on those arguments introduced by the Deputy Prime Minister and by the Deputy Leader of Opposition. Although those responsibilities are important, the time devoted to them should be limited. Because the responsibility to extend the debate will require quite a bit of time, the Member of Government and Member of Opposition should try to limit their refutation to two or, at the most, three minutes. One way to limit the amount of time spent on refutation is to provide general refutation to the arguments from the Prime Minister and from the Leader of Opposition, and only specifically refute the extension offered by the Deputy Prime Minister and Deputy Leader of Opposition.

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1705134571 Because so many arguments will have been presented before their speeches, the Member of Government and Member of the Opposition may be tempted to spend too much of their time on refutation. Those speakers need to remember that their most important responsibilities involve extending and moving the debate forward, so they should not invest too much time on refutation. Still, refutation of the general position of the opposing team is important. With the time considerations in mind, the Member of Government should limit his or her refutation to two or three minutes, refuting the arguments of the two opposition speeches that preceded his or her speech. The Member of Opposition should do the same with regard to refutation of the arguments of the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister, while remembering that the most important responsibility with regard to refutation is to refute the extension offered by the Member of Government. Refuting the extension presented by the Member of Government is most important because the Member speech is the last opportunity for the Opposition Team to join the issue offered by the Member of Government.

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1705134573 In summary, refutation is an important responsibility of the member speeches, but care must be taken not to spend too much time on refutation. The most important task of the member speakers is to move the debate forward by creating extension arguments. The creation of arguments will be considered in the next section.

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1705134575 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132388]

1705134576 8.2 Extending Arguments

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