1705134628

1705134629 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132391]

1705134630 8.2.3 Extending the Debate: Important Considerations

1705134631

1705134632 By way of summarizing the idea of extending arguments, three important considerations should be emphasized regarding the choice of extensions. The Member Speaker offering the extension should be able to answer all of the following questions in the affirmative.

1705134633

1705134634 First, does the extension maintain loyalty to the Member speaker’s colleagues in the first half of the debate? If the extension in any way contradicts the positions made by colleagues in the first half of the debate, the Member speaker will be seen as disloyal. Furthermore, the more the extension can be integrated with the arguments of the First Government Team or the First Opposition Team, the stronger the extension will be.

1705134635

1705134636 Second, does the extension show how the Member speaker is distinguished from his or her colleagues in the first half of the debate? Being loyal to yet distinct from the First Government Team or First Opposition Team is a subtle but necessary process. Just as one party in a coalition government wants to retain an identity distinct from the other party, so each of the closing teams in the debate wants to be distinguished from their corresponding opening team.

1705134637

1705134638 Third, can the extension provide a distinct perspective from your team while simultaneously keeping the debate on track? The extension argument must not, in the case of the Second Government Team, move away from the model. In the case of the Second Opposition Team, the extension must not move away from the position (statement of advocacy) established by First Opposition Team. The extensions of both Member Speakers need continue to support the position of the Lower House while setting a distinct perspective by the Second Government and Second Opposition Teams.

1705134639

1705134640 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132392]

1705134641 8.3 Using Preparation Time to Prepare for Member Speeches

1705134642

1705134643 Preparation time for a Member speech differs in a few ways from that of an opening speech, such as that of First Government and First Opposition. The First Government and First Opposition must use their preparation time to prepare arguments for two speeches. As a closing team, the Second Government and Second Opposition only need to focus on constructive arguments for one speech. While preparing arguments for a single speech seems easier, those teams will need to prepare even more arguments because of the nature of an extension. Opening teams are able to prepare the arguments with a guarantee that they will be able to use those arguments. As a team in the bottom half, the arguments created in preparation time may have been used in the top half of the debate and, thus, will not serve the member. Ways to use preparation time differ. This section will offer only a few of the possible strategies for coming up with unique arguments during preparation time. To ensure that a team’s arguments constructed in preparation time will be useful, the following are a few recommended strategies for preparation time for bottom half teams.

1705134644

1705134645 Possibly the easiest way to use preparation time as a bottom half team is to come up with a case study. This is easier than creating a multitude of other arguments, though Member speakers will not often have the depth of knowledge needed to create a case study for each motion. As stated before, case studies are an efficient and effective way to give more in-depth analysis of an argument. Also, if the subject of the case study was not mentioned in the top half of the debate, that subject can become an entirely new line of argumentation. However, if a case study is not a good possibility, other relatively easy methods exist to generate different arguments. The remainder of this section will focus on two such possibilities.

1705134646

1705134647 Another strategy for creating unique arguments is identifying and evaluating all the different parts of the motion. For example, in the motion “Teachers should maintain strict disciplinary control over students,” at least three different topics are mentioned. The first is the teachers, second is the strict disciplinary control, and third is the students. In this way, a Member speaker can create general arguments for why the motion is good or bad for each different group. The first teams will not likely touch on all of these groups, which means that the Member speaker will have a new line of argumentation to contribute to their speech.

1705134648

1705134649 A second way to generate new and varied ideas is by approaching the motion in both principled and consequential ways. A clever member speaker can prepare arguments of value, such as the importance of the discipline in developing a good community. Those values differ from the consequential arguments such as how students will be benefited by learning discipline, or the classroom will be impacted by strict discipline. By dividing arguments in terms of consequence or principle, the bottom half teams are able to distinguish themselves from the first half of the debate, the First Government or First Opposition will not usually present arguments in terms of both consequence and principle.

1705134650

1705134651 This section has focused on strategies for preparing for the Member speech of a bottom half team. Preparation time is not needed to focus on the Whip speech because that should be written during the debate, as the Whip speaker will not know the main points of clash until the debate is underway.

1705134652

1705134653 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132393]

1705134654 8.4 Summary

1705134655

1705134656 This chapter has covered the unique responsibilities of the Member speeches and ways to use preparation time to effectively fulfill those requirements. The Members of Government and Opposition should contribute an extension of ideas heard in the first half of the debate that are loyal and consistent with the first half, yet, are unique and distinguishable. Three simple ways to accomplish loyalty and consistency include a new line of argumentation, an in-depth analysis, or a case study.

1705134657

1705134658 这章主要讨论了辩论中成员演讲的独特责任，以及如何有效利用准备时间去实现成员演讲的责任。内阁和反对党成员都需要对前半部分辩论中出现的论点进行延伸，这些延伸既需要和己方上院的观点一致，又要具有独特性从而突出自己队伍的特点。本章提供了三种方法：从一个新的角度进行议论，对已有论点进行深度挖掘或者进行案例分析。

1705134659

1705134660 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132394]

1705134661 8.5 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 8

1705134662

1705134663 Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining the following key terms and concepts:

1705134664

1705134665 · Qualities of a good extension argument (new argument, consistent with first half, distinguishes Member from speakers in the first half).

1705134666

1705134667 · What are some different types of extension arguments (additional line of argument, more in-depth reasoning and evidence, focused case study).

1705134668

1705134669 · What are some important considerations when choosing extension arguments? (loyalty, distinguished from first half debaters, demonstrates a distinct perspective).

1705134670

1705134671 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132395]

1705134672 8.6 Discussion Questions for Chapter 8

1705134673

1705134674 · How and to what extent should both Member speakers invest effort in supporting the general direction and case of the teams from the first half of the debate?

1705134675

1705134676 · What are the different considerations that a Member of Opposition speaker should make with regard to refuting arguments from the first half of the debate and from refuting arguments of the Member of Government?

1705134677

[ 上一页 ]  [ :1.705134628e+09 ]  [ 下一页 ]