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1705134695 For Member of Opposition Speech: Have a group of debaters listen to the first half of an on-line debate. Such a debate can be found at: http://willamette.edu/cla/ china_debate/ curriculum/index.html. Then have the debaters in groups of two discuss possible extension arguments that might be made in the Member of Opposition speech. Then the debaters should take two minutes to present their ideas to the other members of the group.

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1705134699 · Exercise 4:

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1705134701 For Deputy Leader of Opposition Speech: Based on the information generated in Exercise 3, have the debaters construct and present a complete Member of Opposition speech to be followed by constructive criticism.

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1705134708 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132397]

1705134709 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 9Summarizing the Debate in Whip Speeches

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1705134711 Eric Barnes

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1705134713 Chapter Outline

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1705134715 9.1 Overview of Whip Speeches

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1705134717 9.2 Summarizing: What to Discuss

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1705134719 9.3 Summarizing: How to Organize

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1705134721 9.4 The Response Trap

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1705134723 9.5 Summary

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1705134725 9.6 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 9

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1705134727 9.7 Discussion Questions for Chapter 9

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1705134729 9.8 Exercises for Chapter 9

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1705134731 The final speech on each side of the debate is called a Whip speech. Speakers giving Whip speeches incur distinct expectations and limitations, different from speakers giving any of the other speeches in the debate. The fact that these expectations and limitations exist does not imply only one way to give a successful Whip speech; many such ways exist, but certain specific expectations for this kind of speech still remain.

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1705134735 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132398]

1705134736 9.1 Overview of Whip Speeches

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1705134738 The main purpose of a Whip speech is to summarize the debate that has just occurred in a manner that shows why the arguments on the Whip speaker’s side of the debate should prevail. Just as an individual persuasive speech should have a conclusion that emphasizes the most important elements of the speech, the Whip speech should emphasize the most important arguments that have been made by the previous three speakers on his or her side. The most effective methods of summarizing the debate will make direct comparisons between the two sides of the debate rather than focusing solely on what was said by only one side.

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1705134740 Some differences exist between what is expected in a Government Whip speech and in an Opposition Whip speech. Entirely new arguments are strongly discouraged in the Opposition Whip speech, because allowing a new argument that the other side would have no opportunity to refute would be unfair. In contrast, new arguments are permitted in the Government Whip speech, although, presenting new arguments in this speech is strongly discouraged because these arguments would be better presented in the Member of Government speech, when both sides will have time to discuss them. So, the persuasiveness of new arguments in the Government Whip speech may be discounted to some degree. The Government Whip also has the very important job of refuting any new arguments that have been presented by the Member of Opposition, because the Government Whip is the only speaker with the opportunity to do that. Failure to do so may be considered a major flaw in a Government Whip speech, assuming that new arguments that need to be refuted were presented in the Member of Opposition speech. The characteristics of good refutation will be covered elsewhere and will not be discussed here, but a generally agreed upon idea is that the rebuttal portion of the Government Whip speech should come first and should be brief. Of course, the Opposition Whip speaker has the option of refuting the Member of Government’s extension argument, but this obligation is not as important because the Opposition Whip speaker can fold that refutation into his or her summary.

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1705134742 The most important part of any good Whip speech is the summary. The three primary goals of the summary are: 1) to provide an honest and accurate comparison of the two sides of the debate; 2) to demonstrate the superiority of the Whip speaker’s position in the debate; and, 3) to highlight the importance of contributions made by the Whip speaker’s team. Accomplishing those three goals and finding the right balance between them can be a challenge, but a good Whip speaker should never lose sight of the fact that the overarching goal is to give a persuasive speech, a speech that convinces the audience that the Whip speaker’s side of the debate is more likely to be right. A strong summary is a means to that larger goal.

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