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Refutation, whether to weaken or to rebuild an argument, may include internal and external methods of refutation. Refutation can be accomplished by following a four-step process that uses the phrases “they say,” “but I say,” “because,” and “therefore.” After the process of refutation, the process of rebuilding an argument allows a debater to reconstruct an argument that has been weakened by refutation. This process of rebuilding an argument can be accomplished by a five-step process using phrases such as, “we said,” “they said,” “but we say,” “because,” and “therefore.” Those steps sound, and are, quite mechanical. They are not designed to be a hardand-fast template for how to conduct the processes of refuting and rebuilding. They are designed as a rubric to help debaters understand the important elements of these processes so that they can communicate their refutation and rebuilding effectively.
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反驳的目的是为了推翻或者削弱对方的论点。有时，反驳也可以使已经被驳斥的论点重新站住脚。因此，反驳兼具推翻某一论点和重构论点的双重功效。重构论点的过程包括驳斥论点和建设性重构论点。
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辩手们需要注意的是，在辩论中无法也不该反驳对方提出的每一条论点。挑选所要反驳的论点在辩论中非常关键。辩手要学会分辨哪些需要反驳，哪些无关紧要，可以忽略。
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不论反驳是为了削弱还是重构论点，其方式分为两种：由内进行和由外进行，其步骤一般可以分为四部，分别以下列短语开头：“对方认为”，“但是我方认为”，“因为”，“所以”。反驳之后，辩手还可以通过重构论点让已经被对方驳斥的论点重新焕发生机，其步骤可以分为五个部分，分别以下列短语开头：“我方认为”，“对方认为”，“但是我方认为”，“因为”，“所以”。这些步骤看起来可能比较机械，而且也确实如此，但它们并非辩论时必须遵循的模板。该步骤旨在帮助辩手们了解在反驳和重构论点时的关键要素，从而更高效地交流。
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10.4 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 10
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Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:
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· Refutation
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· Rebuilding
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· Internal method of refutation
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· External method of refutation
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· RSA triangle
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· Acceptability
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· Relevance
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· Sufficiency
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· Counter-argument
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· Four-step refutation process
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· Five-step rebuilding process
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10.5 Discussion Questions for Chapter 10
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· How is refutation used in the process of rebuilding an argument?
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· How are the internal and external methods of refutation different from one another?
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· What are the three standards that distinguish good arguments from poor ones? How do they function in the process of refutation?
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· How might a debater decide which arguments are important enough to refute?
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· What is the four-step method of refutation?
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· What is the five-step method of rebuilding an argument?
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