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1705135668 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132442]

1705135669 13.3 Flowing the Debate

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1705135671 With 56 minutes of speaking in a Worlds-Style debate, participants have the difficult task of tracking many arguments on both sides of the issue. Careful listening is an important first step. However, successful debaters and judges also have to develop methods for note taking; this process of note taking often is called flowing the debate. While no single method for flowing a debate exists, most techniques used by debaters offer some way of tracking both the contributions of individual speakers in the round and the development of the dialogue throughout the round. Specifically, flowing allows the note-taker to see how individual arguments are handled throughout the various waves of refutation during the round.

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1705135673 Debaters and judges can take several important steps to enhance their listening skills, to make them more proficient at flowing the debate, and to synthesize information. First, debaters need to listen for key ideas, patterns, transitions, and the other structural elements of each participant’s speech. Listen for signposts (words such as “first,” “second,” and “third”), transitions, main tag lines or titles for arguments, as well as previews and reviews of major arguments. Second, debaters need to pay attention to the supporting material. The different kinds of evidence that a speaker offers, whether that evidence consists of examples, analogies, statistics, or other types of supporting information, are all things to which debaters and judges must listen carefully. Supporting evidence often calls for responses in refutation, and debaters who do not listen carefully during a round will miss opportunities to advance their cases. Finally, synthesizing information involves getting a clear picture of the major arguments in addition to understanding some of the specific materials used to support the arguments.

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1705135675 Regardless of the method used to flow the debate, every debater needs some method for tracking each individual speaker’s contributions to the debate. In addition, debaters need to accurately track the contributions of the different teams and sides.

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1705135677 One technique that some debaters and judges employ is to use different colored pens for Government and Opposition arguments. For instance, a blue pen could be used to note all the Government arguments and a red pen could be used to track all the Opposition arguments.

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1705135679 Another common technique for distinguishing the arguments presented by both sides is the use of numbers to track the government arguments and letters to track the Opposition arguments. For instance, using the “numbers and letters” approach, as the debate progresses, each new argument presented by the government team gets a new number and each new argument by the Opposition gets a new letter. When a number appears on the flow in a space for an Opposition speaker that number means that the speaker was engaging in some refutation of that specific Government argument. In whip speeches, where no new arguments are allowed but points of crystallization and summary are expected, a different symbol such as a star can be used to track the crystallization and summary points (with the numbers and letters still in use to note specific arguments the whip speaker discussed in his or her summary). See Appendix A for a sample flow sheet using this particular approach.

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1705135681 Debaters should try to use the most efficient means of notation possible when flowing the arguments. For instance, if an opponent is making an argument about “economic loss,” a brief way to make note of this point on a flow sheet might be to write “econ” and follow this with a downward arrow to symbolize the “loss” part. Arrows are good shorthand symbols that can be easily used as substitutes for terms like “loss” and “increase,” and other symbols might also provide a means for making the process of flowing more efficient. As long as the debater or judge is able to clearly interpret the meaning of their symbols at a later time, any types of personal shorthand notation can and should be used to save time.

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1705135683 Finally, debaters must also be mindful of the importance of continued active listening. When flowing a debate, debaters may be tempted to stop listening closely when they start preparing their own speeches or note a response to a point made by their opponent. Debaters certainly do need to note their responses to information in order to provide clear refutation in both their own speeches and points of information. However, while the formulation of such responses is a fundamental debate skill, debaters must also learn to continue active listening throughout the debate. With sufficient practice, debaters can keep at least some level of focus on the listening process so that they do not miss key statements and pieces of evidence mentioned by the other speakers in the round.

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1705135685 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132443]

1705135686 13.4 Summary

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1705135688 In this chapter, listening is defined and presented as a key communication skill in debate. Debaters need good critical listening skills because the refutation on both sides of an argument requires good listening skills by all participants in the round.

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1705135690 Listening is also an important skill for judges and audience members. Most of the concepts related to listening from this chapter are highly applicable to training judges and preparing them to evaluate debates.

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1705135692 Overall, argumentation requires careful listening, good skills in paraphrasing, an ability to synthesize important information, and skills in note-taking. Through practice and an application of some of the principles discussed in this chapter, skills in listening can be developed and enhanced.

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1705135694 本章中，作者强调“倾听”是辩论的关键交流技巧。辩手们需要有效而批判地倾听，因为反驳对方的观点需要所有参与者拥有优秀的倾听技巧。

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1705135696 这一技能对于辩论裁判和观众也同样重要。本章涉及的许多关于“倾听”的概念与技巧，对训练裁判如何裁决辩论也很有帮助。

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1705135698 总而言之，辩论需要专注的倾听，对重要信息的准确理解和概括，以及笔记技能。通过练习和实践本章所涉及的一些技巧，相信你的“倾听”能力将会有所提高。

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1705135700 思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132444]

1705135701 13.5 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 13

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1705135703 Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:

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1705135705 · Hearing

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1705135707 · Listening

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1705135709 · Active listening

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1705135711 · Paraphrasing

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1705135713 · Simple paraphrase

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1705135715 · Flowing

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