打字猴:1.705135679e+09
1705135679 Another common technique for distinguishing the arguments presented by both sides is the use of numbers to track the government arguments and letters to track the Opposition arguments. For instance, using the “numbers and letters” approach, as the debate progresses, each new argument presented by the government team gets a new number and each new argument by the Opposition gets a new letter. When a number appears on the flow in a space for an Opposition speaker that number means that the speaker was engaging in some refutation of that specific Government argument. In whip speeches, where no new arguments are allowed but points of crystallization and summary are expected, a different symbol such as a star can be used to track the crystallization and summary points (with the numbers and letters still in use to note specific arguments the whip speaker discussed in his or her summary). See Appendix A for a sample flow sheet using this particular approach.
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1705135681 Debaters should try to use the most efficient means of notation possible when flowing the arguments. For instance, if an opponent is making an argument about “economic loss,” a brief way to make note of this point on a flow sheet might be to write “econ” and follow this with a downward arrow to symbolize the “loss” part. Arrows are good shorthand symbols that can be easily used as substitutes for terms like “loss” and “increase,” and other symbols might also provide a means for making the process of flowing more efficient. As long as the debater or judge is able to clearly interpret the meaning of their symbols at a later time, any types of personal shorthand notation can and should be used to save time.
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1705135683 Finally, debaters must also be mindful of the importance of continued active listening. When flowing a debate, debaters may be tempted to stop listening closely when they start preparing their own speeches or note a response to a point made by their opponent. Debaters certainly do need to note their responses to information in order to provide clear refutation in both their own speeches and points of information. However, while the formulation of such responses is a fundamental debate skill, debaters must also learn to continue active listening throughout the debate. With sufficient practice, debaters can keep at least some level of focus on the listening process so that they do not miss key statements and pieces of evidence mentioned by the other speakers in the round.
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1705135685 思辨精英:英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132443]
1705135686 13.4 Summary
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1705135688 In this chapter, listening is defined and presented as a key communication skill in debate. Debaters need good critical listening skills because the refutation on both sides of an argument requires good listening skills by all participants in the round.
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1705135690 Listening is also an important skill for judges and audience members. Most of the concepts related to listening from this chapter are highly applicable to training judges and preparing them to evaluate debates.
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1705135692 Overall, argumentation requires careful listening, good skills in paraphrasing, an ability to synthesize important information, and skills in note-taking. Through practice and an application of some of the principles discussed in this chapter, skills in listening can be developed and enhanced.
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1705135694 本章中,作者强调“倾听”是辩论的关键交流技巧。辩手们需要有效而批判地倾听,因为反驳对方的观点需要所有参与者拥有优秀的倾听技巧。
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1705135696 这一技能对于辩论裁判和观众也同样重要。本章涉及的许多关于“倾听”的概念与技巧,对训练裁判如何裁决辩论也很有帮助。
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1705135698 总而言之,辩论需要专注的倾听,对重要信息的准确理解和概括,以及笔记技能。通过练习和实践本章所涉及的一些技巧,相信你的“倾听”能力将会有所提高。
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1705135700 思辨精英:英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132444]
1705135701 13.5 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 13
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1705135703 Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:
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1705135705 · Hearing
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1705135707 · Listening
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1705135709 · Active listening
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1705135711 · Paraphrasing
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1705135713 · Simple paraphrase
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1705135715 · Flowing
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1705135717 思辨精英:英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132445]
1705135718 13.6 Discussion Questions for Chapter 13
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1705135720 · What are some of the common misconceptions about listening?
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1705135722 · What specific steps can a debater take to improve his/her listening skills?
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1705135724 · What is a paraphrase? Why is paraphrasing an important part of refutation?
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1705135726 · How can flowing help to improve the arguments presented in a debate round?
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1705135728 · Why should debaters try to use efficient methods of notation when flowing a round of debate? What are some specific examples of these efficient methods of notation?
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