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Use NUMBERS for each new Government argument and LETTERS for each new Opposition argument.
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 14Delivery
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Melissa Franke
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Chapter Outline
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14.1 Becoming a Proficient Speaker
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14.2 General Features of Effective Delivery in Debate
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14.3 Using the Body in Delivery
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14.4 Using the Voice in Delivery
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14.5 Summary
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14.6 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 14
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14.7 Discussion Questions for Chapter 14
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14.8 Exercises for Chapter 14
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This chapter will explain why becoming a proficient speaker is an important element of debate. The chapter will then provide some general features of effective speech delivery, including how debaters can use their bodies and voices in delivering effective debate speeches. The chapter will conclude with suggestions for solving common delivery problems.
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Before discussing those points, readers need to consider the fact that speaking is a natural human activity. When speaking in private, speakers are usually in their most natural state, a state in which they naturally communicate their meanings and their emotions to the person with whom they are speaking. Moving from the private realm where most people are comfortable, to the public realm, where most are uncomfortable, tends to change many people from natural communicators to speakers who appear to be quite uncomfortable. Thus, debaters are urged to use the ideas presented in this chapter to supplement, but not replace, their natural speaking skills.
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14.1 Becoming a Proficient Speaker
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Fulfilling the expected role and having the smartest arguments will not guarantee success in debate, especially if those arguments appear to be disrespectful, confusing, or unintelligible. The delivery of a debate speech affects how an audience reads arguments and how persuasive those arguments are to an audience and a judge. Although judges will do everything they can to listen responsibly and charitably, debaters who are easiest to follow tend to be the most effective and, as a result, usually rank higher and receive more individual points.
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At many tournaments, the briefing for judges includes advice to weigh matter (the content of arguments) and manner (including delivery) equally in assigning ranks and points to teams. Delivery of a speech is a significant aspect of adjudicators’ assessment of manner. Beyond the role that delivery plays in determining debate manner, separating manner from matter is nearly impossible because the manner in which a speech is delivered affects how those listening perceive the matter that is delivered. Effective delivery makes a debater’s matter more understandable, believable, and compelling. When a judge is evaluating the matter of a debate, the judge can only judge that matter as the debaters deliver it.
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Thus, even for adjudicators who try to focus exclusively on argumentation, delivery has an effect on the evaluation of a debate. Delivery has an effect on the outcome of a debate whether the judges are new or experienced. Newer judges often focus on how easily they can identify and follow arguments in the debate. The assessment of those judges affects the final decision of a panel of judges. Additionally, when debates are very close, delivery makes more of a difference. The more polished and convincing speaker will sound more credible to judges and, in those cases, delivery may be the element that ultimately determines how the judges and audience rank the debaters.
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14.2 General Features of Effective Delivery in Debate
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As debaters become more proficient, they learn to improve a variety of general features of effective delivery. Some of those features include speaking directly to judges, speaking in an extemporaneous manner, and managing the context of language use. Those elements will be discussed briefly in the upcoming sections of this chapter.
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14.2.1 Speak to the Judges
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