1705135781 14.3 Using the Body in Delivery

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1705135783 14.4 Using the Voice in Delivery

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1705135785 14.5 Summary

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1705135787 14.6 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 14

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1705135789 14.7 Discussion Questions for Chapter 14

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1705135791 14.8 Exercises for Chapter 14

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1705135793 This chapter will explain why becoming a proficient speaker is an important element of debate. The chapter will then provide some general features of effective speech delivery, including how debaters can use their bodies and voices in delivering effective debate speeches. The chapter will conclude with suggestions for solving common delivery problems.

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1705135797 Before discussing those points, readers need to consider the fact that speaking is a natural human activity. When speaking in private, speakers are usually in their most natural state, a state in which they naturally communicate their meanings and their emotions to the person with whom they are speaking. Moving from the private realm where most people are comfortable, to the public realm, where most are uncomfortable, tends to change many people from natural communicators to speakers who appear to be quite uncomfortable. Thus, debaters are urged to use the ideas presented in this chapter to supplement, but not replace, their natural speaking skills.

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1705135800 14.1 Becoming a Proficient Speaker

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1705135802 Fulfilling the expected role and having the smartest arguments will not guarantee success in debate, especially if those arguments appear to be disrespectful, confusing, or unintelligible. The delivery of a debate speech affects how an audience reads arguments and how persuasive those arguments are to an audience and a judge. Although judges will do everything they can to listen responsibly and charitably, debaters who are easiest to follow tend to be the most effective and, as a result, usually rank higher and receive more individual points.

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1705135804 At many tournaments, the briefing for judges includes advice to weigh matter (the content of arguments) and manner (including delivery) equally in assigning ranks and points to teams. Delivery of a speech is a significant aspect of adjudicators’ assessment of manner. Beyond the role that delivery plays in determining debate manner, separating manner from matter is nearly impossible because the manner in which a speech is delivered affects how those listening perceive the matter that is delivered. Effective delivery makes a debater’s matter more understandable, believable, and compelling. When a judge is evaluating the matter of a debate, the judge can only judge that matter as the debaters deliver it.

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1705135806 Thus, even for adjudicators who try to focus exclusively on argumentation, delivery has an effect on the evaluation of a debate. Delivery has an effect on the outcome of a debate whether the judges are new or experienced. Newer judges often focus on how easily they can identify and follow arguments in the debate. The assessment of those judges affects the final decision of a panel of judges. Additionally, when debates are very close, delivery makes more of a difference. The more polished and convincing speaker will sound more credible to judges and, in those cases, delivery may be the element that ultimately determines how the judges and audience rank the debaters.

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1705135809 14.2 General Features of Effective Delivery in Debate

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1705135811 As debaters become more proficient, they learn to improve a variety of general features of effective delivery. Some of those features include speaking directly to judges, speaking in an extemporaneous manner, and managing the context of language use. Those elements will be discussed briefly in the upcoming sections of this chapter.

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1705135814 14.2.1 Speak to the Judges

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1705135816 One of the first things to be aware of when delivering speeches in Worlds-Style debate is the audience. In Worlds-Style debate, the audience ordinarily includes the panel of adjudicators(judges) evaluating the debate. Although the audience may also include a number of other people who are listening to the debate, the adjudicators are an important part of the audience. Debaters should learn to speak to the panel of adjudicators without ignoring the other members of the audience. In addition to the fact that debaters will be evaluated directly by the panel of adjudicators, that panel is usually composed of individuals whose minds are most open to being convinced by arguments. A debater’s job is not to impress or convince the other debaters, or to use an inside joke that an observer might appreciate, or simply to look good. A debater’s job is to make sure that his or her arguments and speeches are clear and convincing to the panel of adjudicators whose role is to determine the outcome of the debate. The debater needs to focus on that panel, not only because they are the ones who award the points, but because they are also likely to be the most open to persuasion.

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1705135818 The most common times when debaters forget their audience are during refutation and points of information. When addressing the arguments and points of information of the opposing team, debaters sometimes engage directly with their opponents. Remember, that a general reason for a debate is that an internal means of persuasion has failed and an external adjudicator is necessary. Thus, trying to re-engage the opponent is usually a mistake. Debaters will not convince their opponents that their arguments are better.

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1705135820 Sometimes, debaters take refutation of their arguments personally. For instance, if another debater offers reasons that the justifications and evidence are flawed, the first debater may be tempted to argue: “Your point is not true,” or “Your point will lead to significantly worse outcomes.” However, debaters who remember that the audience is composed of adjudicators, not the opponents, will remember to address their arguments to the judges rather than to the debaters. For instance, instead of saying “Your point is not true,” a debater may instead say, “My opponent’s argument is not true.” Speaking directly to opponents makes it seem like the speaker is aiming to convince the opposition to defect to the speaker’s team, instead of aiming to convince the judges that the speaker’s arguments should prevail. During a point of information, remember to direct all points to the judge, whether the point is a question or the statement of an argument. The debater’s most important role is to ensure that the judge understands, considers, and believes their arguments. When answering a point of information, remember to focus attention on the judge; an answer will not convince the other side. The speaker’s primary role is to make the answer seem plausible and important to the panel of judges evaluating the debate.

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1705135823 14.2.2 Extemporaneous Delivery

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1705135825 In addition to recognizing and speaking to the appropriate audience, debaters should also practice an extemporaneous mode of speech delivery. Extemporaneous speaking involves preparing an outline, rather than a word-for-word manuscript. Outlines are designed to keep debaters organized and remind them what they are going to talk about, and should not contain the exact words that will be used in a speech. In Worlds-Style debate, debaters do not have time to write out a complete speech that responds to their opponents and addresses the changing needs of the argument situation. They have fifteen minutes to think of arguments, examples, and reasons. Since they do not have time to write the speech word-for-word, debaters need to learn how to prepare an outline of what they plan to talk about in the speech.

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1705135827 Speaking from an outline sounds better than speaking from a manuscript because it sounds more conversational. Reading from a manuscript frequently sounds boring. Scripted speeches are focused more on the content and the wording of that content rather than on making sure the audience understands and is persuaded by the content. Speeches given from an outline allow debaters to speak in a more relaxed and personable way about things that they know. Experienced debaters usually sound more interesting because they vary their tone appropriately, like they do in everyday conversation.

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1705135829 Extemporaneous speaking also allows more flexibility to adapt to the changing needs of the debate. If a debater is speaking from a manuscript, responding to a point of information or adding an explanation if a judge looks confused becomes more difficult. Worlds-Style debating requires that speakers be able to adjust to nonverbal feedback from the audience. Extemporaneous delivery enhances the skill of managing nonverbal feedback.

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