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· How can a claim be used as evidence for subsequent claims?
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· Can you briefly describe the four kinds of claims?
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· Why is taxonomy an important concept for argumentation?
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15.6 Exercises for Chapter 15
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· Exercise 1:
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Take a specific topic (euthanasia, capital punishment, children’s war toys, etc.) and phrase one of each of the four kinds of claims about each of the topics. In each case, can an exception be attacked to the claim?
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· Exercise 2:
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Using the topic chosen above, think of what kind of evidence might be used to support the claim then diagram the evidence-claim relationship.
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 16Elements of Argument: Evidence
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Robert Trapp
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Chapter Outline
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16.1 Categories of Evidence
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16.2 Citing and Documenting Evidence
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16.3 Summary
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16.4 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 16
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16.5 Discussion Questions for Chapter 16
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16.6 Exercise for Chapter 16
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Evidence is one of the essential elements of any argument. In fact, evidence serves as an argument’s foundation. Evidence can be thought of as the material support for a claim. The concept of evidence discussed here is very broad, and goes beyond direct quotations of facts, opinions, or other materials found in published sources. Evidence can include anything a debater learns while preparing for debate, such as material from classes, theories of social and personal behavior, theories drawn from physical and life sciences, presumptions of how people behave, as well as individual values, statements of value hierarchies, or categories of values to which people subscribe. Thus, facts, theories, presumptions, values, value hierarchies, and value categories are all considered types of evidence.5
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16.1 Categories of Evidence
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