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· Exercise 1:
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Take a specific topic (euthanasia, capital punishment, children’s war toys, etc.) and phrase one of each of the four kinds of claims about each of the topics. In each case, can an exception be attacked to the claim?
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· Exercise 2:
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Using the topic chosen above, think of what kind of evidence might be used to support the claim then diagram the evidence-claim relationship.
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132478]
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 16Elements of Argument: Evidence
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Robert Trapp
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Chapter Outline
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16.1 Categories of Evidence
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16.2 Citing and Documenting Evidence
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16.3 Summary
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16.4 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 16
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16.5 Discussion Questions for Chapter 16
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16.6 Exercise for Chapter 16
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Evidence is one of the essential elements of any argument. In fact, evidence serves as an argument’s foundation. Evidence can be thought of as the material support for a claim. The concept of evidence discussed here is very broad, and goes beyond direct quotations of facts, opinions, or other materials found in published sources. Evidence can include anything a debater learns while preparing for debate, such as material from classes, theories of social and personal behavior, theories drawn from physical and life sciences, presumptions of how people behave, as well as individual values, statements of value hierarchies, or categories of values to which people subscribe. Thus, facts, theories, presumptions, values, value hierarchies, and value categories are all considered types of evidence.5
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132479]
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16.1 Categories of Evidence
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As the foundation of argument, evidence consists of two categories: those relating to reality and those relating to preference. Evidence relating to reality is about how things “really” are, whereas evidence related to preference is about how people would like things to be. Evidence relating to reality includes facts, theories, and presumptions. A fact is, as the name implies, an individual bit of data. Theories go beyond individual facts and offer explanations or predictions. Presumptions describe expectations about people or events. Evidence relating to preference includes values, hierarchies, and categories of what people find to be preferable. Values are statements showing preference for some concept. Hierarchies order values, and categories of values are classifications of values that frequently are called upon to support an argument. Those categories are briefly described in the following table:
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 [:1705132480]
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16.1.1 Evidence Based on Reality
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As stated above, evidence based on reality consists of the kinds of information relating to how things “really” are. Evidence based on reality can consist of facts, theories, and presumptions, among other things.