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18.5 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 18
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Check your memory and comprehension by describing or defining these key terms and concepts:
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· Simple argument
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· Combined argument
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· Independent argument
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18.6 Discussion Questions for Chapter 18
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· Why is a series of independent arguments likely to be more effective than a combined argument?
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· Can an independent argument be thought of as multiple simple arguments? Why?
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18.7 Exercise for Chapter 18
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· Start with one of the motions used in this text. Construct at least three arguments in support of that motion. One of the arguments should follow the “simple argument” structure; one should follow the “combined argument” structure; and the other should be an “independent argument.”
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思辨精英：英语辩论-构筑全球视角 Chapter 19Argumentation, Consequences, and Principles
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Robert Trapp
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Chapter Outline
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19.1 Evaluation Based on Consequences of Action
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19.2 Evaluation Based on Principles of Duties and Rights
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19.3 Summary
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19.4 Terms and Concepts from Chapter 19
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19.5 Discussion Questions for Chapter 19
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19.6 Exercises for Chapter 19
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Chapter 15 described different categories of claims: descriptive, definitional, associational, and evaluative. Although some claims fall fundamentally into one of the first three categories, the position taken in this book is that all, or at least most, claims have an evaluative dimension. Thus, evaluation is the primary function of argumentation. Evaluation in argumentation occurs when people claim that one value or set of values is more important than another; that those values are associated with various people, ideas, institutions, or objects; or that those values should be used to guide our actions. Because those kinds of claims are most common in educational debate, this chapter will focus on the last two types of claims—claims that associate values to objects, and claims that evaluate policies or actions.
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Two related but distinct ways that people use evaluative claims in argumentation can be described in terms of consequences and principles. Consequences and principles are certainly related to one another. In general, arguments by consequence are based on the philosophy of utilitarianism, and arguments by principle are based on the philosophy of deontology. Sometimes in philosophy, these two methods are used as foils for one another. They are compared to one another in ways that makes one seem superior to the other. From the perspective of this text, both methods, although different, are useful. In fact, more often than not, the two methods can be used to reach the same conclusion but in different ways. The following will explain how the two methods function.
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